I-Agrivoltaics: umbane welanga

Iifama zelanga zifuna umhlaba, kwaye umhlaba olungileyo welanga, ovulekileyo, othambileyo nokhanyayo, ngumhlaba wokulima. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho ungquzulwano oluhle phakathi kokutya noxinzelelo. I-agrivoltaics (ibizwa ngokuba yi-agrophotovoltaics okanye ukudibana kwelanga) izama ukuyisusa: iipaneli eziphezulu ezixhasayo okanye kwimigca ebekwe kude kakhulu, ngeentyatyambo okanye ukutya okutyiwa phantsi kwazo naphakathi kwabo.

Isishwankathelo esicacileyo: Izixhobo zelanga ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yezolimo ziqinisekisiwe ukuba zinyusa ukusetyenziswa kweemitha zehektare nganye, rhoqo ngeepesenti ezingama-50 ukuya kuma-80%, kodwa zihlala zinika iimveliso zombane xa kuthelekiswa nefama eqhelekileyo yelanga, rhoqo zinika iziphumo zokuvuna xa kuthelekiswa nendawo evulekileyo, kwaye zibiza kakhulu ukuveliswa kunezinye. Iphumelela apho isithunzi sinceda khona ukukhula kwembewu, apho umhlaba ubalulekile kakhulu ukuba ungawushiya, okanye apho imithetho ifuna ukuba ubunjineli buqhubeke.

Yintoni

Zikhona izimbo ezibanzi ezintathu (Fraunhofer ISE, 2024):

• Inkqubo ephezulu (ebekwe phantsi). Iipaneli kwisakhelo esiphakamileyo semitha ezine ukuya kwezisithandathu, ukuze iziqhamo neziqhamo ezidityanisiweyo zingadlula ngaphantsi. Umzekelo olungileyo ofundekayo nguHeggelbach eMzantsi Germany.
• Iinkqubo zendawo phakathi. Imiqolo yezinto ezibekwe ngaphaya kobude obuqhelekileyo kunye neestriki ezibanzi ezifakelweyo phakathi kwazo. Iipaneli ezithe nkqo, ezineecala ezimbini (ezibini) ezijonge kumntla nomzantsi zihlobo olunye: eEppelborn-Dirmingen eJamani inkqubo ye2 MW ethe nkqo ishiya i-90% yomhlaba okwaziyo ukutyiwa.
• Ukutyalwa kweentlanzi kunye nokuhlala kwezityalo eziqhakazayo phantsi kweefama zelanga. Iinkomo phantsi kwepaneli ziqhelekileyo; ixabiso lokulima ngehektare liphantsi, kwaye abanye abaphandi ababubonile oku njengezixhobo zombane wendalo.

Iiglasi ezinamaphahla akhanyayo kunye neepaneli phezu kweentyatyambo, izityalo zewayini kunye neentyatyambo (ezona zikwazi ukutshintsha iintonga zomlilo kunye nezikhuselo zeplastiki) zihlala phakathi kwezi zididi.

Indlela esebenza ngayo

Ilanga lihlukaniswe, aliphindwe kabini. Ilanga esityeni liyimali ethe nkqo: malunga ne-1,000 ukuya kwi-2,000 kWh ngemitha yesikwere ngonyaka kwiindawo ezininzi zoshishino lokulima. Iipaneli zitsala inxalenye yayo kwaye ukhula lufumana olunye. Ingxaki kukuba izityalo ezininzi azikwazi ukusebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga okupheleleyo ngexesha lonyaka. Ukwenziwa kwelanga kwiphepha linyuka ngelanga kwaye ke lihlaza kwindawo yokukhanya okugqithisileyo; ngaphezulu kwayo, ukukhanya okuninzi kongeza ubushushu kunye nengxaki yamanzi kunokuba kukhule. Iinkukhu ezimelana nelanga ezinjengeziqhamo ezineziqhamo, i-clover grass, iziqhamo ezininzi kunye neeberry zityhapha kuqala kwaye zilahlekelwa yinto encinci xa inxalenye yelanga ithathwa (Fraunhofer ISE, 2024). Iinkomo ezifuna ukukhanya kwelanga ezinjengemajusi okanye ingqolowa kunyaka opholileyo zilahlekelwa ngaphezulu.

Izinga elilinganayo lomhlaba. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokuqwalasela indawo enikezelweyo yi LER = Y_crop,shared / Y_crop,alone + Y_power,shared / Y_power,alone. Ngeegama ezilula: dibanisa inxalenye yokukhutshwa okuqhelekileyo onokuthi uyifumane kwinxalenye ye-umbane wefama eqhelekileyo yelanga ongayifumana. I-LER ye-1.0 ithetha ukuba ukudibana akungcono kunakuhlula umhlaba ibe ziinxalenye ezimbini; 1.6 ithetha ukuba indawo ethe yabelana ngayo isebenza njengeehektare ezili-1.6 ezihlukeneyo. Uhlobo lwe-Dupraz kunye nabahlobo bakhe baqikelela ukuba 1.35 ukuya kwi-1.73 yengqolowa nelanga eMzantsi France (Dupraz et al., 2011).

Isithunzi sitshintsha iimeko zemozulu. Ngaphantsi kweepaneli umhlaba uhlala upholile ngexesha lonyaka omtsha nowamaxesha ebusika, amanzi angaphantsi aphumayo, kwaye kwimeko eshushu, emanzi, inkukhu ingayenza kakuhle kunendawo evulekileyo (Barron-Gafford et al., 2019; Fraunhofer ISE, 2019). Iipaneli zifumana: umoya omanzi ngasentla kweentyatyambo ugcina ezi zinto zipholile ngakumbi kuneepaneli eziphezulu komthi ongenawo umthi.

Umbane ngehektare uphantsi. Imiqolo kufuneka ibekwe kude ukuze kufike ukukhanya kunye neenjini, ngoko ke iipaneli ezincinci ziya kungena. KwiHeggelbach ubungakanani obufakwe kwihektare nganye bemalunga ne-25% ngaphantsi kunefama yelanga eqhelekileyo, kodwa iipaneli ezibini eziphezulu zendawo zithatha ilanga elingaphezulu elibonakalisiweyo, ngoko ke umbane kwihektare nganye waba yi-83% yefama eqhelekileyo.

Iinjongo

I-theoretical. Ukukhanya kwelanga kudityaniswa: iyure nganye ye-kilowatt yokukhanya ethathwa ziipaneli, ukhula alufumananga. Iinkqubo zelanga ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yezolimo zingaphumelela kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe elihlukileyo xa imbewu ayisebenzisi yonke ilanga elifumeneyo (okanye yalahleka). Kwipaneli ephakamileyo yoxinano oluphezulu zombini iziqhamo zincipha: ifama yelanga eqhelekileyo igubungela ngaphezu kwehlabathi kunanoma yiyiphi inkukhu enokuyimelana.

Isebenza.

• Ukhetho lweziqhamo. Iinkqubo eziphezulu kwiminyaka eqhelekileyo yaseJamani zibiza ingqolowa, izityalo zesonka kunye ne-celery 18 ukuya ku-19% yemveliso yabo. Oku kuvunyelwe kuphela ukuba iindleko ze-umbane ziyilungisa kwaye ukukhula kwemveliso kungaphezulu kokuba abasemagunyeni bacinga ukuba kunokuthengiswa (malunga ne-80%).
• Iindleko zokwakha. Iiframes eziphakamileyo ezijikeleza i-combine harvester zifuna intsimbi eninzi kunye nesiseko esinzulu: iFraunhofer iqikelela ukuba i-€372 nge-kWp yokunyusa iinkqubo ze-overhead kuthelekiswa ne-€76 yelanga elibekwe phantsi (Fraunhofer ISE, 2024).
• Ilanga elingekho phantsi nolwandle. Iilayini zesithunzi kunye nezothutho zihamba ngemini, ngoko iziqhamo zikhula ngokungalinganiyo, kwaye amanzi emvula aphuma kumazantsi ebhodi yezitshixo emacaleni emiyalelo ngaphandle kokuba agcinwe okanye asasazwe.
• Imisebenzi yefama. Iinkxaso zifika kwindlela; eHeggelbach iziqwenga ezijikelezayo zathatha i-8% yendawo ngaphandle kokwenza.
• Imithetho nelizwe. Kwizizwe ezininzi indawo ephantsi kwepaneli ilahleka kwimeko yayo yoshishino lokulima okanye izixhaso ngaphandle kokuba imithetho ichaza into ebalaseleyo njengento esetyenziswa kabini, njengoko kusenziwa yiGermany’s DIN SPEC 91434 standard kunye neFrance’s dedicated agrivoltaics tenders (Fraunhofer ISE, 2024).

Iiprojekthi ezibonakalayo,

Iprojekti	Yintoni	Izinto ezilindelweyo	Icebo
Heggelbach, eJamani (2016 nangaphezulu)	194 kWp of two-sided panels on 5 m supports over a third of a hectare; rows 9.5 m apart; wheat, potatoes, celeriac, clover grass	2017: i-clover -5.3%, ezinye izityalo -18 ukuya kwi-19%; ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo komhlaba 160%. 2018 (obushushu, omileyo): i-celeriac +12%, iipatates +11%, ityuwa +3%, i-clover -8%; ukusetyenziswa okulungileyo komhlaba 186%. Ukukhanya kweentyatyambo kungaphantsi nge-30%. Umbane 1,266 kWh ngekW ngonyaka wokuqala no-1,285 kWh ngekW ngo-2018 (249,857 kWh), xa kuthelekiswa nomyinge waseJamani we-950 kWh.	Fraunhofer ISE, 2017; 2019
Indawo yovavanyo lweBiosphere 2, Arizona, i-United States	Iinkukhu ezikhula phantsi kweepaneli kwimozulu eshushu, xa kuthelekiswa neplothi evulekileyo kunye noluhlu lwelanga oluqhelekileyo	Ukukhanya kwelanga kuthintela ukuxinana kwezityalo ngenxa yothuli kwaye kwanyusa ukwenziwa kokutya kwezinye izityalo; iipaneli eziphezulu kwezityalo zafudumeza ngakumbi kuneziphantsi	Barron-Gafford et al., 2019
iGelsdorf, eJamani (2021)	258 kWp yepaneli ethe tyaba ngaphezulu kwegadi yeapple, xa kuthelekiswa neentyatyambo ze-hazel kunye neendawo zokugubungela	Ukukhangela kwi-light, ukhuseleko lweentyatyambo nokwamkelwa kwabathengi (iimpawu ziqhubeka)	Fraunhofer ISE, 2024
Umda weGobi desert, eChina	700 MWp ngaphezulu kweentyatyambo, eziye zasetyenziselwa ukucotha ukuphuma	Ubungakanani bemveliso efunyenwe; akukho data yokukhula kweemveliso ezizimeleyo	Fraunhofer ISE, 2024
IJapan, “ukwabelana ngelanga”	Iinkqubo ezingaphezulu kwe-3,000 ezincinci ukusukela ngo-2013	Inani leenkqubo ezixhonywe	Fraunhofer ISE, 2024

Iimfundiso ezimbini ziphawuleka. Okukuqala, le nkqubo ifana neyona yanika i-160% yeziphumo kunyaka omnye kunye ne-186% kwilandelayo, kuba ixesha latshintsha into ethetha ukuba yisithunzi seentyatyambo: i-agrivoltaics kufuneka ihlolwe kwiintsuku ezininzi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba, iinkqubo ezikhulu emhlabeni zipapasha ulwazi oluncinci lweziqhamo. Ubungqina obunamandla kakhulu buvela kwindawo ezincinci zophando.

Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kwelanga: ukuwahlula ukukhanya ngombala

Iipaneli eziqhelekileyo zidibanisa ukukhanya ngendawo: isiqwengana esisodwa sendawo sikwithunzi, esilandelayo sikwilanga. Usapho olutsha lwendawo yolawulo luzama ukuyihlula ngombala endaweni yoko. Iintsholongwane zikhula kwilanga elibonakalayo, ukusuka kwivioleti kwi-400 nanometer ukuya kumnyama oqaqambileyo kwi-700, abaphandi bebhandi babiza lo msebenzi wokukhanya osebenzayo. Ilanga elimnyama liqhuba ukwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngefotosynthesis ngokufanelekileyo kakhulu kwiparticle nganye yelanga, kodwa ilanga eliluhlaza noluluhlaza lusetyenziswa kwakhona (McCree, 1971). I-43% kuphela ye-energy ekhanyayo kwilanga elunxwemeni iwela kulo mjelo; malunga ne-5% yi-ultraviolet kwaye i-52% yi-infrared, engasetyenziswanga ngumthi ukukhula (ukuqulunqwa kwethu kweenkqubo zolawulo lweentsholongwane) I-ASTM G173 ibhekisa kwispectrum). Ipaneli ethatha kuphela i-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared iya kushiya, ngokwenkqubo, ukhula luya kuhlala lusebenzisa ukukhanya okuninzi.

Iindlela ezintlanu zivavanywa, kwinqanaba elihlukileyo kakhulu:

• Iibhodi ezibonisa ngaphaya ngeeseli ezibekwe phakathi (zorhwebo). Iiseli zesilicon eziqhelekileyo zibekwa ngaphaya kwiglasi ukuze ukukhanya kufike kwizithuba; iGelsdorf apple orchard kwitheyibhile ephezulu isebenzisa ezo. Urhwebo lulula: umbane uphantsi ngokuhambelana nendawo eshiyeke ngaphandle kweeseli (Traverse et al., 2017). Kwimlinganiso yeentlobo ezine zekhabhathi eziluhlaza zorhwebo eYuropu, ukukhanya ngaphakathi kweminyaka emibini kuhla ngo-0.8% ngee-1% ezongezelelweyo zesilingi eziquka iithayile, kwaye ubeko lomntla-ntshona kunye nepateni yebhodi yokucheba isasaza ukukhanya ngokuthe ngqo (Cossu et al., 2018).
• Iibhodi ezibomvu ezibomvu (iziseko zentengiso ezincinci). Umbala kwiglasi utsala inxalenye yelanga eliluhlaza nelinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaye uyiqhuba kwiiseli zesilicon; okuseleyo kudlula, enika iglasi uphawu olumnyama. Kwiimvavanyo eziqhutywa yiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSanta Cruz, kunye nomvelisi wezorhwebo, iitomati phantsi kwezi zipaneli zabonisa utshintsho oluncinci kubungakanani beentyatyambo zabo kwaye zasebenzisa amanzi angaphantsi (Loik et al., 2017). Umenzi, iSoliculture, uthi wasungula isikhulisi sokuqala selanga esikhanyayo ngo-2012 kwaye ubeke iipaneli zayo kwiingxowa zegesi eMelika naseCanada (Soliculture).
• Iiseli zelanga ezibonakalayo ngokuthe tye (ilaboratory nepilot). Ifilimu encinci esekelwe kwi-carbon ingatshintshwa ukuze ithathe uninzi lwesibomvu esinzulu kunye nokukhanya okufutshane kwe-infrared. Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina State bakhula i-lemongrass eluhlaza phantsi kwezihluzi eziyenziwe ngezinto ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zeseli yendalo kwaye abafumanisi nakuphi na utshintsho olubalulekileyo kubunzima obutsha okanye kwichlorophyll (U-Ravishankar nokunye, ngo-2021). Their energy model found that greenhouses roofed with such cells could make more energy in a year than they use in warm and moderate climates of the United States (Ravishankar et al., 2020). Kwilabhoratri, iseli eyenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo ezibonisa ngaphaya kwe-8.8% yokusebenza kakuhle ngelixa ivumela i-41% yelanga elibonakalayo lidlule (Bates et al., 2023). Imibuzo evulekileyo enkulu kukuba ihlala ixesha elingakanani iseli yendalo ngaphandle (Traverse et al., 2017).
• Iibhodi ezicacileyo ngokupheleleyo (ilaboratory, iimveliso zefestile yokuqala). Ezi zitsala kuphela ukukhanya okuphezulu kwelanga kunye nokufutshane ne-infrared light kwaye zibonakala ngathi ziglasi ecacileyo. Eyona iphambili, ngo-2011, yaguqula i-1.3% yokukhanya kwelanga ibe yi-electricity ngelixa idlula ngaphezulu kwe-65% yokukhanya okubonakalayo (Lunt noBulović, 2011). Iinkampani ezinjenge Ubiquitous Energy ngoku zenza iithayile ezikhanyayo ezicacileyo. Akukho vavanyo lwendawo olupapashwe lwamayeza aphantsi kwazo sele sifumane.
• Iifilimu ezitshintshayo zokukhanya ezingavelisi umbane (zorhwebo). Iifilimu ze-quantum dot, zithengiswe kwiigadi eziluhlaza nge UbiQD, ziguqula ukukhanya okuphezulu kwelanga kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kube mnyama. I-letesi ebomvu yeRoma ekhula phantsi kweefilimu ezikhupha kwi-600 ne-660 nanometer ifumana i-13% kunye ne-9% ngaphezulu kobunzima obunokutya kunobumanzi kunefilimu eqhelekileyo (Parrish et al., 2021). Zihlala apha kuba inkqubo efanayo, ukutsala imibala esetyenziswa ngumthi oncinci kakhulu, yiyo into eyenza iipaneli zelanga ezikhanyayo.

Ezinye iinkampani zithengisa iglasi kwizityalo ngeenjongo zabo. IBrite Solar eGrisi ibonelela ngepaneli ezibonisa ngaphaya kwe-semi ezinencopho ye-nano ethetha ukuba iguqula ukukhanya okuphezulu kwelanga kube kukhanya okubomvu, ngokucacileyo okukhethiweyo phakathi kwe-30% ne-80% kwimbewu nganye (Brite Solar). I-Insolight eSwitzerland ithengisa isikhuseli sembewu esithi sithumela malunga ne-20% yokukhanya kumbane kwaye sigcina i-80% yezityalo kwigumbi lokuzala izityalo elimalunga neehektare ezili-1.6 (Insolight). ezi ziinkampani zezo ziinkcukacha zabo, azikho izifundo ezizimeleyo.

Into ekhoyo kule nto. Iipaneli ezikhetha umbala ziyinto entle kakhulu kwi-agrivoltaics, kwaye iziphumo zokukhula kweentyatyambo zazisazela: i-letusi ne-tomatoes zazikhula kakuhle phantsi kwazo njengoko zikhule ngaphandle kwazo, kunye ne-letusi engaphantsi kwefilimu etshintsha ukukhanya yakhula kakuhle. Intambo isebenza ngeebhetri. Ipaneli eshiya ukhula ininzi yelanga elibonakalayo kufuneka lihlale kwi-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared, kwaye iiseli ezicacileyo nezisebenzayo zemihla ngemihla ziguqula kuphela iipesenti ezimbalwa ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-10% yokukhanya kwelanga kumandla, ngelixa iipaneli zesilicon zorhwebo zikhuphe ukusuka malunga ne-17% ukuya ngaphantsi nje kwe-25% kwiminyaka elishumi (Fraunhofer ISE, Ingxelo yePhotovoltaics, 2026). Safumanisa ukuba akukho xabiso elishicilelwe ngokuzimeleyo lezinto ezikhanyayo, eziphilayo okanye iithayile zegreenhouse ezicacileyo. Kulowo ukhula, uvavanyo luya kuqhubeka lubuyela kule phepha: isiqingatha sexesha lonyaka lweentyatyambo ezizitywinwe kunye nombane olinganiselweyo phantsi kweglasi entsha, ecaleni kwendlu efanayo ngaphandle kwayo.

Ixabiso

Iinketho	Ixabiso le-electricity	Unyaka nomthombo
Iinkqubo eziphezulu ze-agrivoltaic (ngaphezu kwama-4 m), eJamani	0.08 ye-euro nge-kWh (iisenti ezingama-8.15 ze-euro), malunga ne-50% ngaphezulu kweenkqubo	2024, Imiyalelo ye-Fraunhofer ISE
I-Interspace agrivoltaics, eJamani	0.06 nge-kWh (i-euro ezingama-6.03), engaphantsi kweenkqubo zelanga ezibekwe	2024, umxholo ofanayo
I-Agrivoltaics ngokubanzi	€0.06 ukuya kwi-€0.10 nge-kWh	2024, umxholo ofanayo
Ixabiso elingaphezulu lenkqubo yokugcina umbane ebekwe phantsi kweendawo zokuhlala, iUnited States	$0.07 to $0.80 ngeW (iphezulu kakhulu kwimbewu ephantsi kwemigangatho emide)	2020, NREL, Horowitz et al.
I-Utility-scale solar, United States	$0.04 to $0.10 nge-kWh	ngoJuni 2026, Lazard LCOE+ uguqulelo lwe-19
Inqaku elifanelekileyo: uphahla lwelanga ecaleni kwesakhiwo	about $0.19 central	Imodeli ye-Fan Wall
Urhwebo kunye nosapho lwelanga olubekwe phezulu kweetafile, iUnited States	$0.09 to $0.20 nge-kWh	ngoJuni 2026, Lazard

Into ethethwa yitheyibhile: kuthelekiswa nexabiso lendawo, i-agrivoltaics inokuthengwa ngexabiso eliphantsi; kuthelekiswa nefama yelanga eqhelekileyo, ibiza kakhulu. Imeko yayo ayisiyonto ibiza kakhulu yekilowatt-hour kodwa yikilowatt-hour engabizi ukuvuna. UFraunhofer uqaphela ukuba ifama esebenzisa amandla ayo, endaweni yokufumana umbane nge-14 ukuya kwi-16 ye-euro zesenti nganye ye-kWh, igcina i-7 ukuya kwi-9 ye-euro zesenti kwi-kWh nganye eyenzayo.

apho ingaphumelela khona, nalapho ingaphumelelanga

Inokufumana:

• Iindawo ezishushu, ezimanzi nezikhanyayo apho isithunzi kunye nokuhla kwemvula kunceda izityalo kwaye kuthintele ukubhaka.
• Iziqhamo, izityalo eziluhlaza, izityalo zesilimo kunye neziqhamo eziye zafuna iintonga zomlilo, izikhuseli zemvula okanye iimpahla zokufihla: iipaneli zibuyisela imali ehlawulwe ngumntu okulima.
• Iintyatyambo ezimelana nelanga kunye nemihlaba njenge-clover grass, i-lettuce, i-spinach kunye neemithi ezininzi.
• Iindawo apho ilizwe lokulima likhuselwe khona kwaye ukulima okuqhelekileyo kwelanga akuvunyelwanga, okanye apho amaqela ehlabathi aphikisana nokuphelelwa kwezityalo.
• Iifama ezisebenzisa amandla azo kwipompo zokuhambisa amanzi, iinkuni ezibandayo, ukutywina, ukutshisa okanye amamatshini e-electric.

Akukho nto iphumelelayo:

• Ngombane obiza kakhulu kuphela. Ifama eqhelekileyo yelanga kwindawo apho akukho mntu unqwenela ukufakela khona iya kuba ngcono.
• Ngeziqhamo ezifuna ukukhanya kwimozulu epholileyo, enesibhakabhaka apho inxalenye nganye yokukhanya ibala ukuvelisa.
• Iinjini ezinkulu kufuneka zisebenze ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba isakhiwo siphezulu kwaye sibanzi, oko kuyenza ibe yindlela ebiza kakhulu.
• Apho iinkonzo okanye imigaqo-nkqubo iyenza ibe yifama yelanga efihlakeleyo. Ukutyisa iintlanzi ezimbalwa phantsi kweepaneli ezipakishwe ngokuqinileyo kufanelekile, kodwa akuyi kuba yinto yokufumana uncedo lokudibana komhlaba oluchazwe kule phepha.

Izinto eziqinisekisiweyo, ezinokwenzekayo

Iqinisekisiwe: ukuba ilizwe elidityanisiweyo lingafikelela kwinqanaba lomhlaba olinganayo ngaphezulu kwe-1 (160% kunye ne-186% elinganiselwe eHeggelbach); ukuba isithunzi sikhupha ukukhula kwezityalo ezifuna ukukhanya kwelanga kwiminyaka eqhelekileyo ngokumalunga nesihlanu kwi-30% yokunciphisa ukukhanya; ukuba isithunzi sinceda ezinye izityalo kwizimo ezishushu, ezimanzi; ukuba imigangatho emide inyusa ixabiso le-umbane.

Ingalindelekanga: ukuba i-agrivoltaics iqhubela phambili ukumelana kweentyatyambo nobushushu kunye nokutshisa xa iqhwa lishushu (lixhaswe ziimvavanyo kunye nemodeli, ezinjengemajusi aqhutywa ngamanzi eNtshona ye-Italy anikezele ngokuqhubekayo phantsi kwepaneli (Amaducci et al., 2018)); ukuba iipaneli zingatshintsha iziqhamo ezincinci nezikhuselo zeplastikhi ekukhuleni kweziqhamo; ukuba eJamani kuphela kukho indawo malunga ne-1,700 GW ye-agrivoltaics kwiintyatyambo ezifanelekileyo (Fraunhofer ISE, 2024).

Izibalo ezilindelekileyo: izibalo ezinkulu zehlabathi ezinjenge “ngaphantsi kwe-1% yendawo yokulima ingakhupha iimfuno zombane wehlabathi” (Adeh et al., 2019), ezingakhathaleli ukugcinwa, iigridi kunye neentyatyambo; iziphumo zexesha elide kumhlaba noqoqosho lwefama ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-30; indlela iintyatyambo ziphendula ngayo phantsi kweepaneli zegeometry ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ezingakhange zivavanywe kwindawo.

Imibuzo yophando oluvulekileyo

• Which crops, in which climates, keep at least 80% of their yield under 20 to 40% shade, over ten seasons, not one or two?
• Ingaba iithayile zokulandelela ezijika zivumele ukukhanya kugqithe kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo lokukhula kwembewu zingabikho ngcono kunethayile eziqinileyo ukuze ziqinisekise ixabiso labo?
• Ingaba amanzi emvula asuka kwipaneli kufuneka agcinwe njani kwaye asasazwe ukuze ancedise kunokuba aphucule?
• Ingaba iindleko eziphezulu zesakhiwo zininzi kangakanani ukugcinwa kwezi minyaka i-30 kwifama esebenza, kwaye zingachaphazela njani inkxaso-mali kunye nezixhobo?
• Imithetho ibala njani “indalo” yokulima phantsi kwepaneli ngaphandle kokumema izityalo zelanga ezifihlakeleyo?
• Yintoni ekhoyo kwixabiso: umtyali, umnini-mhlaba okanye umphuhlisi wezixhobo zombane?

Izinto ezifunekayo

Kwingcinga entsha ye-agrivoltaic (isakhiwo esitsha, inkqubo entsha yokulandela umkhondo, indlela entsha yokuvuna), imodeli esebenza kakuhle ithetha ukukhula kwembewu eyiyo kunye neepaneli ezibonakalayo, ezilinganiswa ngokuchasene neplothi yokubonisa ngaphandle kweepaneli, kunyaka omnye opheleleyo.

Inkqubo	Umsebenzi	Iinkqubo	Ixabiso elipheleleyo	Ixesha
0. Uvavanyo loyilo	Ulinganiso lwesithunzi kunye nokukhanya ngexesha lonyaka, imodeli yokukhula kwembewu ekhethiweyo, ukwakhiwa kunye nexabiso elilinganiselwe	Uyilo lugcina ukukhanya okuneleyo ukutywina kwiphepha	$10k to $30k	2 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3
1. Uvavanyo lweplot encinci	Iikilowatts ezimbalwa zepaneli ngaphezulu kweplothi ephindayo eneplothi yokubonisa evulekileyo; iisenzo zokukhanya (PAR), uthuli lomhlaba, ukuveliswa xa kuvuna, umlinganiselo wombane	Umgangatho wemveliso yeentyatyambo kunye ne-electricity, isiseko sokuqala	$40k to $120k	1 ixesha lokukhula
2. Uvavanyo lwendawo lonyaka oninzi	50 ukuya kwi-200 kW ngaphezulu kwendawo yokusebenza nomntu osebenza njengomtyali, iinyanga ezimbini okanye ezingaphezulu, ukuthethwa	Utshintsho ukusuka kunyaka ukuya kunyaka, ukufikelela kumashishini, ukuxhaswa	$250k to $600k	2 ukuya kwi-3
3. Umqhubi wezorhwebo	Iipaspoti, unxibelelwano lwegridi, isiqinisekiso sokwakha, inkxaso-mali	Iprojekthi exhaswa	ixhomekeke kubungakanani	1 ukuya kwi-2

Phases 0 to 2 cost roughly $300,000 to $750,000, mostly for steel and the years of agronomy. Ezi ziyimilinganiselo yethu, azikho izibalo.

abafuna

• Umlimi weentyatyambo okanye umfundi wezilwanyana zeentyatyambo ukukhetha iintyatyambo, uyilo lweplothi eziphindaphindwayo kunye nokulinganisa ukukhula nokumgangatho.
• Umyili wenkqubo yePV owaziyo iinkqubo ezibini kunye nokulandelela kunye noyilo lwesithunzi.
• Injiniya yokwakha yesakhiwo esiphakamileyo, eside-sijikeleze phantsi komoya kunye nekhephu.
• Umxhasi womntu osebenza naye onesizwe, izixhobo kunye nobubele bovavanyo lweminyaka emininzi.
• I-hydrolog yokwahlula imvula, uthuli lwesiqu kunye nokukhuselwa kokusela.
• Umntu osebenza ngemali kwimveliso yendalo nomthetho wokusetyenziswa kwelizwe ukuvavanya iimeko zeshishini kunye neemithetho.

Unayo imbono engcono?

Mhlawumbi unesakhiwo esibiza kakhulu, indlela yokuvuna ethanda isithunzi okanye indlela elula yokuhambisa iipaneli ngexesha lemini. Abathile abaxhasi be Local Solar System Foundation banokuba nabaqhagamshelana nabo abanokuva ilizwi elinamandla lombono wokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukubekwa, imbono kufuneka isebenze, imodeli yobomi bokwenyani eyenza amandla, elinganiselwe kwisixhobo, hayi eqinisekisiweyo. Iimbono zephepha zithandeka kakhulu: ukuba ifizikhi kunye namaxabiso aqinile, sinokuzipapasha apha kwiwebhusayithi. Ukunyusa ikapitali ngaphandle kwemodeli esebenza kakuhle kunzima kakhulu, kwaye asikwazi ukunikela ngemali, ukubuyiswa okanye ukunikezelwa.

For agrivoltaics, the cheapest measurement that counts as a working model is one growing season of a small plot under panels next to an identical open plot, with light sensors, the harvest weighed and the electricity metered. That gives a first measured land equivalent ratio. Thumela nge ifomu yonikezelo, kwaye ubone ukuba ithelekiswa njani nezinye iimbono kwi i-radar ye-idea. Iindlela ezifanayo: ukukhanya kwelanga okudadayo kusetyenziswa i-water surfaces endaweni yemithi, kwaye izinto zokufudumeza zePV zenza ukuba izindlu zisebenze kabini.

IiNkqubo

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22. Ulwazi lwenkampani (iintlanganiso zenkampani, hayi izifundo ezizimeleyo): Soliculture; Ubiquitous Energy; UbiQD, UbiGro; Brite Solar; Insolight.
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