Malo athu m'malo

Ngati muona m’mawa wowala, zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti nyanja ya Mlengalenga ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi nyanja ya kumwamba. Mukuyenda pa mpira wozungulira wa nyanja, kuzungulira nyenyezi imodzi yokha pakati pa mamiliyoni ambiri. M’nkhaniyi tikambirana mmene zimenezi zingachitike.

M’malo mwake, nyanja ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja imadziwika kuti Milky Way.

Onani

M’mawa umenewu ndi usiku woyera. Mtundu wa nthaka pansi pa miyendo yanu ndi gawo la mpira wolimba wa makilomita 12,742. M’madera ena, monga ku India, nyengo imayamba nthawi yachisanu ndi chiwiri ya mwezi ndipo imatha mpaka tsiku lachisanu ndi chitatu la mwezi.

The Sun is so big that about 1.3 million Earths would fit inside it. M’malo mwake, mpweya wa m’madzi umatha kutulutsa magazi ochuluka kwambiri kuposa magazi a anthu, ndipo amachititsa kuti minofu ya thupi ikhale yolimba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, dzuwa ndi zonse zoperekedwa ndi kulemera kwake ndi Solar system.

M’madera ena, monga ku India, nyengo yozizira ndi nthawi ya dzuwa. Dinani Play ndipo onani mmene maplaneti amayenda. Kumbali ina, ngati dziko lapansi linali lozungulira dzuwa, nyengo yake iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi ya mwezi.

• Mercury Masiku 88.
• Dziko limatenga chaka chimodzi.
• Neptuni, planete yapamtunda kwambiri, imatenga pafupifupi zaka 165.

Solar system yathu ndi imodzi mwa mamiliyoni a star systems mu chingwe chachikulu cha ziwanda zomwe zimatchedwa the Mdima. Pa usiku woyera kwambiri, mungathe kuona ngati chingwe chowala cha dzuwa kudzera m’nyanja ya nyanja. M’malo mwake, cholinga chake ndi kusonyeza kuti zonse zimene timaona ndi zooneka ndi za Mulungu.

Kumvetsa

Makilomita ndi mamita a m’nyanja amadziwika kuti makilomita, komabe anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti mamita.

Astronomical unit (au) Kuwala kwa dzuwa kumachokera ku nyanja yamadzi yomwe ili pakati pa dziko lapansi ndi dzuwa. Kuyambira mu 2012, ili ndi tanthauzo loyenera: 149.597.870.700 mamita, pafupifupi 149.6 miliyoni makilomita. Ndi izi, dongosolo la dzuwa limawoneka bwino kuti liwoneke:

World	Kuwala kwa dzuwa
Mercury	0.39 au
Dziko	1.00 au
Jupiter	5.2 au
Neptune	30.1 au

Light-time ndi nthawi yomwe mpweya umafunika kuti upite pambali. Mdima umayenda pa 299,792 km pa mphindi, choncho:

nthawi = kuwala kwa mtunda ÷

Malingana ndi mfundo za m’mabuku a Newton, nthawi yapitayi iyenera kukhala: 1 au: 149,597,871 km ÷ 299,792 km/s ≈ 499 s, kapena 8 minutes 19 seconds. Ngati tiyang’ana ku dzuwa (osati mozungulira, chifukwa chimawononga maso athu), timaona mwanga womwe unalipo zaka makumi awiri zapitazo. Sunlight takes over four hours to reach Neptune.

The light-year ndi kutalika kwa kuwala komwe kumayenda m’masiku amodzi: pafupifupi 9.46 trilioni ya makilomita, kapena 63,241 au. Proxima Centauri ndi nyenyezi yokhayo yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo ili pafupifupi makilomita 4.2 kuchokera kudziko lathu. Mdima wa Milky Way ndi pafupifupi 100,000-zaka za dzuwa m’lifupi.

Woyang’anira

Kugwiritsa ntchito au kunali kuwerengedwa: kunafotokozedwa mwa Gaussian gravitational constant, kotero kuti kukula kwake m’mita anali kuchuluka kwa astronomers omwe ayenera kuzindikira. Radar ranging of Venus and spacecraft tracking in the late twentieth century pinned it down to a few metres. Pa 2012, International Astronomical Union anachita izo mwamsanga mndandanda (Resolution B2), choncho au ndi panobe m’modzi mwa zigawo, monga mita.

Zomwe tikuwerengera bwinobwino lero ndi paramita ya gravity ya dzuwa, GM☉ = 1.32712440041 × 10²⁰ m³ s⁻², kuchokera ku mzere wa maplaneti ndi ndege zakunja. Mtundu wa G × M umadziwika bwino kuposa G kapena M okha, chifukwa G ndi imodzi mwazosasinthasintha zosadziwika bwino kwambiri m’maphunziro a physics. M’madera ena, ma radar amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa “GPS” yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito GPS monga njira yodziwira malo.

Mafunso awiri ofunikira:

1. Earth’s distance is not constant. Earth’s orbit has an eccentricity of about 0.0167, so its distance from the Sun ranges from about 147.1 million km (early January, perihelion) to 152.1 million km (early July, aphelion). Masiku a chaka sapangidwa ndi izi: Januware ndi nthawi ya chilimwe m’chigawo cha kumadzulo. Mfundo yoti chifukwa chachinyengo chili bwanji, tidzaphunzirapo mu nkhani ya Masiku.
2. Light-time ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo. Kutumiza mauthenga ku rover ya Mars kumatenga pakati pa mphindi 3 mpaka 22, malinga ndi komwe pali maplaneti awiriwa m’ma orbit awo. Spacecraft mbali yaitali ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wochita pamodzi.