Inani le-wave energy

Uhlale kwindawo ejonge emntla-ntshona ngexesha lobusika kwaye ungaziva ngaphaya kweenyawo zakho: ngamanye amaxesha amabini, umgca wamanzi ohamba phezu komlambo ufika kwaye uphucule. Amaza ayenziwe ngumoya ophefumla ngaphezulu kwamawaka eekhilomitha zelwandle oluvulekileyo, ngoko ke ziyindawo eninzi, ifomu ephelileyo yeziphumo zomoya. Ziqhubeka zifika emva kokuba umoya ukhuphe, ngobusuku kunye nosuku, kwaye zinamandla kakhulu ebusika, ngokuchanekileyo xa iipaneli zelanga zenza ngaphantsi.

Le yimimiselo, ibe yinyaniso. Eli phepha, elibhalwe ngokholo olufanayo nolukhoyo kuvavanyo lwethu lwe Fan Wall, lithetha ukuba kutheni ithemba linzima ukuligcina. Uhlobo olufutshane: **ifizikhi isebenza kwaye umthombo omkhulu, kodwa i-injini yomsinga kufuneka ikhulise amalwandle aqhelekileyo ngelixa ihlala kwiintaka ezinomthwalo wexesha elimashumi amane anesihlanu ngaphezulu. Emva kwenkulungwane elishumi neqela lenkampani ezifakileyo, amandla omsinga ahlala ebiza kakhulu kunamandla olanga, ngaphandle koyilo oluphumelelayo. Iyakwazi ukuphumelela kuqala apho amandla abiza kakhulu kwaye ulwandle luye lwaba ngumhlobo kuphela. **

Yintoni

Umguquli wenkqubela ye-elektroniki yiyo nayiphi na i-injini etshintsha intshukumo yamaza ibe yi-umbane. Ngokungafaniyo nomoya, apho uyilo olunye (i-turbine eneziqwenga ezintathu) luphumelele khona, amandla omsinga ahlala enamawaka eembono ezichaseneyo. Ziya kungena kwiintsapho ezimbalwa:

• Izinto eziqhekeza iincopho: iintambo zokutsala ezihamba phezulu ziye phantsi kwaye zitsala kwi-ankile okanye kwisikhephe esinzima. I-CorPower’s C4 yenye.
• Attenuators: iinqanawa ezide, ezifana nezintaka ezihamba ngamanzi zihlala kufutshane nomgca wamaza, zijika kwiingxowa. IPelamis yayiyenye yemizekelo eyaziwayo.
• Ii-oscillant wave surge converters: ii-flaps ezithe tyaba kwisiseko selwandle ecaleni komlambo ojikeleza phambili nobuya. I-Oyster yeAquamarine Power yayinye.
• Iikholam zamanzi ezijikelezayo: iikhabhathi zivuliwe kulwandle ngaphantsi komgca wamanzi. Amaza aphakamisa amanzi ngaphakathi phezulu naphantsi, enyusa umoya ngaphakathi nangaphandle ngesixhobo somoya esijikelezayo. IMutriku eSpain ineshumi elinesixhenxe lazo ezidityaniswe kumgangatho wesikhululo.
• Izixhobo zokucima: iimbambo ezivumela amaza ukuba aphume kwibhanti ephakamileyo, emva koko akhuphe amanzi kwakhona ngee-turbines ezinobunzima obuphantsi.

Indlela esebenza ngayo

Ingxolo kumsinga. Ingxolo yomsinga igcinwa ngaphaya komgangatho ophakathi wolwandle njengeendawo eziphezulu zamanzi kwaye ngaphaya kwendlela yamanzi. Kwisilwandle esingaqhelekanga esichazwa ngumphakamo womsinga obalulekileyo H (omalunga nomphakamo ophakathi wesibini esiphezulu samaza), amandla kwimitha yesikwere sendawo yolwandle yi E = ρ g H² / 16, apho ρ kubunzima bamaza elwandle kunye ne g ukutsala. Doubling the wave height quadruples the energy.

Imandla, inani elibalulekileyo. Intshukumo yesandi, kwisantya seqela g T / 4π kumalwandle anzulu, apho T lixesha lesandi. Ukuphindaphinda amandla ngesantya kwaye amandla afika ngaphaya kwemitha nganye yendawo ephambili yomsinga yi P = ρ g² H² T / 64π, eyasebenza njenge malunga ne-0.49 × H² × T kilowatts ngomlinganiselo. Umlambo omalunga ne-2.5 m ngexesha leminyaka emi-9 uthatha malunga ne-28 kW edlula kwimitha nganye yolwandle: ngaphezulu konyaka, umbane weendawo ezilishumi elinambini zasekhaya ngemitha, ukuba zonke zingaqwalaselwa. Ulwazi oluphezulu lukuvumela ukuba uzame ezinye izilwandle.

Into eyenza amanzi. Kumanzi anzulu, amanzi emgwaqweni angahamba nawo: inxalenye nganye ihamba ngomjikelo kwaye ibuyela kwindawo apho yaqala khona. Iindawo ezijikelezayo zihla ngokukhawuleza ngobunzulu; isiqendu sexesha lokudada ezantsi, intshukumo yi-4% kuphela yeleyo ekwindawo yomhlaba. Amaza amanzi anzulu ade: ubude be-wave bumalunga ne 1.56 × T² metres, ngoko ke i-9 s wave yi 126 m ukusuka kwi-crest ukuya kwi-crest. Le nto ibangela ukuba amandla amaninzi elanga abekwe phezulu kwaye kutheni iinjini zihamba okanye zihlala emanzini angamanzi.

Ukutsala umsinga, yenza umsinga. Iinjini zomsinga zithatha amandla ngokuhamba ngendlela esusa inxalenye yomsinga ovela ngaphakathi. Intambo yokubopha ilwandle ehamba phezulu naphantsi kuphela, le ibeka umda owaziwayo: nokuba yintoni na inkulu, ayikwazi ukutsala ngaphezulu kunomandla afikayo phezu kobubanzi be λ / 2π, ubude bezakhi olunye luhlukaniswe nge-2π, malunga ne-20 m yezakhi ezili-9 s (Falnes, 2002). Ukufikelela nalapho kufuna intshukumo yentambo yokuqhuba iinqanawa ukuba ihlale ihamba nezamandla, oko kubangela iinkqubo zolawulo ezilungelelanisa isixhobo kumsinga ngamnye odlulayo zinto ezininzi. Kwimisebenzi, iinjini ezilinganisayo nezifanayo zihlala zithatha phakathi kweshumi elinanye nesihlanu semandla afika kubukhulu babo (I-Babarit, ngo-2015).

Into ehamba ngamandla amakhulu. Umsinga uqhuba ngemandla amakhulu kodwa uhamba ngamandla, umgama omnye okanye amabini kwimizuzu emininzi. Iigenerator zikhetha ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza, okucocekileyo, ngoko ke yonke i-wave machine ifuna ukuthatha amandla oguqula enye ibe yenye: ii-rams eziqhutywa ngamanzi kunye neemoto, iinqanawa zomoya, i-direct-drive linear generators okanye iibhokisi ze-gearboxes. Ininzi yezobugcisa, neninzi yokungasebenzi kakuhle, kwenzeka apha.

Iimida: ezizisiseko nezokusetyenziswa

Indawo yokugcina. Iphakathi kweplanethi, malunga ne-2.1 TW ye power yomsinga ifike kumazantsi olwandle ehlabathini, ngokulandelana okufanayo nokusetyenziswa kombane wehlabathi ophakathi kwe-3.4 TW (Gunn and Stock-Williams, 2012). Kuphela inxalenye encinci ingathathwa: iinjini azikwazi ukudibanisa umlambo wonke, amandla alahlekile njengoko amaza efika emanzini aphantsi, kwaye uninzi lwezinto ezifumanekayo zikwindawo esembindini welwandle. Iilwandle ezityebileyo zijongene nezimoya zasempuma eziphakathi kwamaqondo angama-40 nama-60 e latitude: iIreland, iScotland, iPortugal, iChile, umzantsi weAustralia, iNew Zealand, iPacific yasempuma-ntshona yeUnited States. Iilwandle ezivaliweyo ezinjengeMedithera zifumana kuphela i-kilowatts ezimbalwa kwimitha nganye.

Ingxaki yemvula. Iqhosha lemvula lochazayo yenza ukuba ingxaki esembindini ibekhoyo. A machine is designed to make most of its money in seas of 1 to 4 m, yet it must survive seas of 10 to 15 m, carrying fifty or more times the power, and single waves higher still. Uyilo lwesakhiwo somlilo yenza ukuba ibe nzima kwaye ibiza kakhulu; uyilo lwesithuba selwandle yenza ukuba ibe buhlungu. Ii-turbines zomoya zilungisa oku ngokujika iinqanawa zazo ngaphandle komoya. Injini yomsinga ayikwazi ukudlula ngaphandle kolwandle.

Fatigue. With a period of 8 seconds, a machine meets about four million waves a year, each one bending, pushing and twisting its joints, seals and moorings. Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo oko kumalunga nezigidi ezisibhozo zokuhamba kobunzima ngamanzi ashushu.

Ukufikelela kunye nokubopha. Njengombane wonke olwandle, iinjini zomsinga zingabekwa kuphela kwaye zilungiswe kwimozulu ezolileyo, kwaye zihlala ngokuchanekileyo apho imozulu ilungileyo khona. Iintambo zokubopha kufuneka zibambe isiqu esihambayo xa kuqhutywa lwandle ngaphandle kokutshixa okanye ukutsala.

Iiprojekthi ezibonakalayo,

Iprojekti	apho	Udidi nobungakanani	I-Ofisi
I-Pelamis	Aguçadoura, iPortugal, emva koko EMEC, Orkney	Isici sokunciphisa, 750 kw, 120 ukuya ku-180 m ubude	I-farm yokuqala ye-wave enezimatshini ezininzi: ii-machine ezintathu, ezili-2.25 MW, zaqala ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngoJulayi 2008 kwaye zazingekho kwi-intanethi ngoNovemba 2008 xa umnini weprojekthi wafumana ingxaki yemali. I-P2-001 machine yagqiba ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-15,000 zokusebenza e-EMEC. I-Pelamis Wave Power yangeniswa kulawulo ngoNovemba 2014 (Pelamis).
I-Oyster	EMEC, Orkney	I-flap ekwindawo ekufuphi nelwandle, 315 kW emva koko 800 kW	Isixhobo sokuqala safakwa ngo-2009, isizukulwana sesibini sivavanywe ukusukela ngo-2012 ukuya ku-2015. Umbane weAquamarine wabiza abaphathi ngoOktobha 2015 (Umbane weAquamarine).
I-Mutriku	Ilizwe laseBasque, iSpain	16 iikholam zamanzi ezijikelezayo kwisikhululo sokumisa amanzi, 296 kw	Isebenza ukusukela ngoJulayi 2011. Ingaphezulu kwe-3 GWh ngokupheleleyo kwisiphelo se-2023; i-266 MWh ngo-2023, ubungakanani bemveliso obumalunga ne-10%. Ii-turbines zayo zeWells ziguqula malunga ne-30% ye-power of air ibe yi-electricity. Ixabiso liyi-€6.4 million (Mutriku; Tethys, PNNL).
I-Wave Hub	I-Off Cornwall, eNgilani	Isiqhagamsheli sovavanyo esidityaniswe negridi sezixhobo ezinamandla angama-20 MW	Ifakwe ngo-2010 ngemali yomphakathi. Ngo-2018 akukho mbane wakhiwa khona; indawo yatshintshwa emva koko ibe yimoya ejikelezayo eselwandle (Wave Hub).
CorPower C4	Aguçadoura, Portugal	Intambo yokubopha iinqanawa, 300 kw elinganiselweyo, 9 m ububanzi, 19 m ubude	Irhweba ngaphandle ukusukela ngoOktobha 2023; ihlala kumaza angama-18.5 m kwiSiqendu seDomingos ngoNovemba 2023; irekhode amanqanaba aphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi600 kW; uhlobo loqinisekiso lweDNV ngo-2026. Uluhlu oluncinci lwezikhokelo ezingaphezulu zicwangcisiwe kwindawo efanayo (CorPower Ocean; CorPower, 2026).

Imodeli ikhusela. Iinjini ezidumileyo zeminyaka eyi-2000, iPelamis neOyster, zombini zasebenza elwandle, kwaye iinkampani zombini ziye zaphumelela phambi kokuba zifike kwizakhiwo zorhwebo, uninzi ngenxa yokuba inyathelo elilandelayo libiza ngaphezulu kunemali abatyala imali baya kuyilahla. Inkqubo ehamba ixesha elide, iMutriku, incinane kwaye yakhiwa kwindlela yokuvala amanzi eyafuneka nanjengoko. Uhlobo olutsha, olukhokelwa ziimodeli ezifana neCorPower’s, lubeka ukuqhubeka nokulawulwa kuqala kwaye ngoku kuphela lusuka kwisixhobo esinye ukuya kuluhlu lokuqala oluncinci.

Ixabiso

Akukho mveliso yezamandla elanga ethengisiweyo ngoku, ngoko ke yonke ixabiso liyi-estimate ukusuka kwimodeli yokuqala kunye nemodeli.

Icebo	Yintoni	Ixabiso
I-Mutriku, ubalo lwethu oluvela kumaxabiso apapashwe	€6.4 million for 266 MWh in 2023, 20 years at 7% real, before any running costs	ngaphezu kwe-€2 nge-kWh
Iinkqubo zombane weOcean (2015)	Ii-arrays zesiphelo sesibini, i-data yophuhlisi ephakathi	$0.21 to $0.67 nge-kWh
Iinkqubo zombane weOcean (2015)	Iifama zokuqala zesikali sentengiso: iinzame zabaphuhlisi / uvavanyo loqhagamshelwano oluzimeleyo	$0.12 to $0.28 / $0.28 to $0.48 nge-kWh
Iinkqubo zombane weOcean (2015)	Ixabiso elifakwe kwi-array yokuqala	$4,000 to $18,100 ngekW
Isiphumo sethu	Iinkqubo zelanga ezikwindlu, imodeli ye-Fan Wall; Lazard 2026 zorhwebo kunye nezoqoqosho	$0.19 nge-kWh; $0.09 to $0.20
Lazard (Juni 2026)	Isixhobo esitsha selanga / umphunga olwandle / umphunga olwandle	$0.04 to $0.10 / $0.04 to $0.10 / $0.11 to $0.17 nge-kWh

IMutriku ayinguye uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lwexabiso; yayiyenye ibonisa, ngeemoto ezincinci zesithuthi zikhethiwe ukuba zithembekile. Kodwa ibonisa ukuba kuphi ubude obukhoyo bezixhobo zekhompyutha ezisuka kwiphepha eliqikelelwayo. Uluhlu oluchanekileyo lwe-array encinci yokuqala namhlanje ngokumalunga $0.30 to $0.70 nge-kWh, kabini ukuya kwezine iindidi zelanga eziphezulu. Uvavanyo lweshishini litsho ukuba izityalo zentengiso zingafikelela kwi $0.12 to $0.28, ukuba iimashini zihlala ziphila, ukufumaneka kuphezulu kwaye iindleko zihla ngobukhulu. Akukho nanye yazo izimo sele iboniswe elwandle.

apho ingaphumelela khona, nalapho ingaphumelelanga

Inokufumana:

• Elwandle, apho akukho ntambo yombane. Izixhobo zokulinganisa iqondo lobushushu elwandle, ii-booys zokuhamba ngeenqwelo, izitya zokuloba amanzi, izithuthi ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ezifuna ukubuyiselwa amandla kunye neendawo ezingaphandle kwelwandle ngoku zisebenza kwibhetri, idizili okanye iithayile zelanga eziyenzanga nto ngexesha lobusika. Apha isixhobo esincinci sezalathiso sikhuphisana nexabiso eliphezulu lezixhobo zelanga, hayi ngexabiso eliphantsi.
• Iziqithi ezikwindawo enamandla, ukusuka kwi-Hebrides ukuya kwiiAzors kunye nePacific, apho amandla akhona evela kwidizili engeniswe.
• Iindawo zokuphumla kwamanzi kunye nemigangatho yolwandle ikhiwa naphi na, njenge-Mutriku apho ukwakhiwa kuhlawulelwe khona.
• Kufutshane neefama zesibhakabhaka semoya, ukudibana kweentambo, unxibelelwano lwegridi kunye neenqanawa zolondolozo, nokuvelisa xa umoya ukhuphile kodwa umsinga awukhuphanga.
• Imandla ebusika kwilatitudes eziphezulu, apho amaza anamandla kakhulu xa iipaneli zelanga zisenza ngaphantsi.

Akukho nto iphumelelayo:

• Ngaba ixabiso liphantsi le-umbane, naphi na apho iifama zelanga nezomoya zingakhiwa khona.
• Kwiintaba-mlilo ezikhuselweyo, apho umyinge wecebo luyi-kilowatts ezimbalwa ngomlinganiselo.
• Ngapha koko, ngaphandle kokubonakalisa ukuphila kuqala. Uyilo olungekapheli ebusika elwandle luhlala liyimodeli, nokuba yintoni na impumelelo yetanki yayo.

Izinto eziqinisekisiweyo, ezinokwenzekayo

Iqinisekisiwe: ifizikhi ye-wave energy kunye ne-power flow; amaqondo okuqwalaselwa kwamalungu ajikelezayo; ukuba iinjini ze-wave zingavelisa umbane elwandle kwaye ziyikhuphe kwigridi; ukuba umbhobho wamanzi ojikelezayo kwisiqwenga sokulwa nolwandle ungaqhuba ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu (Mutriku); ukuba isichumiso sinamandla kakhulu ngexesha lobusika kumazantsi endlela ezijongene nomlambo kwinqanaba eliphakathi.

Ingalindelekanga: ukuba iindlela ezintsha zolawulo kunye nemigangatho elula inganyusa ukutsala nokucima intsimbi ngekilowatt; ukuba iziqwengana ezinomthamo ophezulu zingaphila kwimvula yendlela iCorPower’s C4 yadibana ngo 2023; ukuba amaqela abelana ngamakhonkco nentambo zentambo anganciphisa iindleko; ukuba ukujonga umlambo kunye norhwebo lokutya amanzi kuya kuhlawulisa iinjini ezincinci phambi kokuba i-grid iyenze.

Ingcamango: amandla omsinga ngexabiso lomoya ongaphandle kwelwandle; uyilo olulodwa luphumelela ngendlela i-turbine eneziqwenga ezintathu ziphumelele ngayo umoya; amaqela amakhulu eemitha ze-megawatts kwiminyaka ezayo.

Imibuzo yophando oluvulekileyo

• Ukuphila nokulawula kunye. Ukwenza njani i-tuning yesixhobo ukutsala okuninzi ukusuka kumaza aqhelekileyo ngelixa uyenza ikhuseleke kwimvula, ngokuthembekileyo, iminyaka emibini.
• Ukuthatha amandla ukunyuka. Ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuguqulwa okuzinzileyo kweenkqubo ezihamba ngokukhawuleza, ii-amandla amakhulu: i-hydraulics, ii-magnetic gears, iziguquli zesikwere, izinto ezilula ezizisebenzisayo ziyi-generators.
• Iintambo zokubopha kunye nokwakhiwa. Intsimbi encinci ngekilowatt nganye, nentambo zokubopha ezingabikho ngxakini.
• Ii-Arrays. Indlela iimashini ezishiyile ngayo okanye zincedana ngayo kwiqela, kwaye indlela yokuzonwabisa ngayo iindidi zezixhobo.
• Ukwahlukana. Yeyiphi yeentsapho eziphezulu, ukuba kukho, eyona ibiza kakhulu ngokusekelwe Iinkqubo zokungena kwinqanaba elisemthethweni njenge Wave Energy Scotland zikhona ukuphendula le mibuzo ngedatha enikezelwa ngabanye.
• Imeko-bume. Intshukumo ephantsi kwamanzi, umngcipheko wokungqubana kwezinyama-zilwandle ezikwimo yokumisa, kunye nefuthe kwisediment yelanga elifutshane xa amaqela amakhulu athatha amandla emaza.

Izinto ezifunekayo

Intshukumo yezamandla inendlela ehamba kakuhle ukusuka kwimbono ukuya kulwandle, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba iinyani ezininzi ziye zaphumelela ngaphaya kwayo. Iindleko ezingaphantsi ziyimilinganiselo yethu ethe nkqo yeqela elincinci.

Inqanaba	Umsebenzi	Iinkqubo	Ixabiso elipheleleyo	Ixesha
1. Imodeli yenani	Iimodeli zendawo yokujikeleza kunye nexesha lendawo yesixhobo kwiimeko zolwandle olusemthethweni (iizixhobo ezivulekileyo ezinjengeWEC-Sim zikhona)	Ubukhulu bokuthatha kwiteori, ubunzima kwimimoya eshushu	$10k to $40k	2 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-4
2. Itanki ye-wave	Imodeli ye 1:50 ukuya kwi 1:20 kwibhanki yomsinga weyunivesithi, umsinga oqhelekileyo nongaqhelekanga, emva koko umsinga ophezulu kakhulu, ngokusebenza okufana nokunyuka kwezixhobo	Ubungakanani obulinganiselweyo bokufumana ububanzi be-ratio kunye nokugcina umthwalo	$30k to $150k	3 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-6
3. Uvavanyo olukhuselekileyo lolwandle	I-1:4 ukuya kwi-1:10 ye-injini kwindawo yokuzala njenge-EMEC’s Scapa Flow okanye iBiMEP eSpain, ukuthutha ngaphandle kwibhanki yokufaka	Amandla apheleleyo, iziqhoboshi, ulondolozo, imvula elwandle	$0.5 million to $3 million	1 ukuya kwi-2
4. Ubungakanani obupheleleyo	Iinjini ezimbini kwindawo yokungena evulekileyo eqhagamshelwe kwigridi	Umsebenzi onokuthi ugcinwe kwibhanki kunye nedatha yokuphila	$10 yezigidi nangaphezulu	minyaka emininzi

Inqanaba lesi-2 lilapho ibhola eqala khona ukuba yinyani: imodeli kwitanki yomsinga enesixhobo esilinganiselweyo sokususa, sibonisa okuthethwayo kunye nokuthethwayo.

abafuna

• Abanjiniyela belwandle kunye nabaqhubi beegesi kunye nonxibelelwano lwesakhiwo se-wave kunye nexesha lolawulo.
• Izixhobo zetanki yezamandla kwiyunivesithi nakwilaboratoriya zamazwe ngamazwe.
• Abaqeqeshi bokuthatha amandla: i-hydraulics, iigenerator ezithe nkqo, umatshini wokuqhuba ngemagnethi.
• Iinjiniya zokwakha eziqhotyoshelweyo kunye nezingaphandle kwelwandle.
• Imisebenzi yolwandle abantu abafake kwaye babuyisele izixhobo elwandle.
• Abagcini-mozulu baselwandle bokujongana nesandi kunye nokungqubana.
• Abasebenzisi elwandle: iifama zentlanzi, iziqithi ezijonge i-océane kunye neenkonzo zesixeko esincinci eziya kuthenga iinjini zokuqala.

Unayo imbono engcono?

Abathile abaxhasi be-Foundation banokuba nabaqhagamshelana nabo abanokubona i-pitch. Ukubekwa, imbono ifuna isebenza, imodeli yobomi bokwenyani eyenza amandla, nemveliso yayo eqikelelwa kwisixhobo, ayithethiweyo: imodeli kwitanki yomsinga enegunya lokurhoxisa amandla elishicilelwe phantsi lithetha ngaphezulu kuneyiphi na intshukumo. Iimbono zephepha zithandeka kakhulu: ukuba ifizikhi kunye namaxabiso aqinile, sinokuzipapasha apha kwiwebhusayithi. kodwa ukunyusa ikapitali ngaphandle kwemodeli esebenza kakuhle kunzima kakhulu, kwaye akukho nto apha inokuba yithemba lokuxhaswa, ukuphinda kwenziwe okanye ukunikezelwa.

Thumela imbono yakho nge ifomu yokunikwa ingqalelo, ukhethe iGreen Initiative. Sixelele ukuba zithini iimayile eziye zaphuhliswa kuzo, ububanzi bokufumana obungalindelekanga kunye nokuba kutheni, indlela ephila ngayo intaba-mlilo, ixabiso eliphakathi kwikWh nganye, kunye novavanyo oluncinci kakhulu olunokuthi luqinisekise ukuba ayichanekanga. Iphepha izinto ezivelisa amandla lithelekiswa nezixhobo zesibhakabhaka nezinye iimbono ezilishumi elinanye.

IiNkqubo

1. Gunn, K. noStock-Williams, C. (2012). Ukulinganisa umthombo wemandla olwandle jikelele. Umbane ovuselelekayo 44, 296-304.
2. I-Falne, J. (2002). IiMaza eOcean kunye neMigangatho yokuHlanganiswa: Ukunxibelelana okuthe nkqo kubandakanya ukususwa kweeNkqubo zeEnergi. I-Cambridge University Press.
3. Babarit, A. (2015). Isiseko sedatha soxinano lokubamba ububanzi bezinto eziguqula amandla elanga. Umbane ovuselelekayo 80, 610-628.
4. Iinkqubo zombane welwandle (2015). Ixabiso eliphakamileyo lehlabathi lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zombane welwandle.
5. Imandla elanga, iWikipedia: ifomula yokuhamba kwamandla emanzini anzulu.
6. IPelamis Wave Energy Converter, iWikipedia.
7. I-Aquamarine Power, iWikipedia.
8. Inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla emvula yeMutriku, iWikipedia, neLabhoratri yoMzantsimpuma wePacific National Laboratory, Tethys, Inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla emvula yeMutriku.
9. Indawo yokudibanisa iinqanawa, Wikipedia.
10. CorPower Ocean, iWikipedia, kunye neCorPower Ocean (2026), i-DNV yehlabathi yokuqala yoqinisekiso lwetekhnoloji yombane wezakhono.
11. I-Wave Energy Scotland. Ithala leencwadi elisemthethweni leengxelo zenkqubo.
12. Lazard (Juni 2026). Ixabiso eliNciphisayo leNkqubo, uguqulelo 19.
13. Local Solar System Isiseko. Imigangatho ye-fan wall: imodeli evulekileyo neyaziwa kakhulu, uphahla lwelanga kwi-$0.19 nge-kWh.
14. Islay LIMPET, Wikipedia: i-250 kW yomgca wolwandle ojikelezayo wentsimbi yentsimbi, edityaniswa kwigridi ngo-2000 kwaye yasuswa kumsebenzi ngo-2011.
15. I-Wave Dragon, iWikipedia: 1:4.5 isikali esitsha kwiNissum Bredning, ngo-2003 ukuya ku-2010.
16. I-BiMEP (2026). IBiMEP iququzelela isixhobo esitsha sokuhamba-hamba se-IDOM: i-MARMOK-A5 ejikelezisa umbhobho wamanzi, kunye nohlobo oludlulileyo oluvavanywe ukusukela ngo-2016 ukuya ku-2019.
17. Itekhnoloji yomsinga we-Airy ne iTurbini ye-Wells, iWikipedia: imijikelezo yezinto ezincinci phantsi kwamaza, kunye neturbini yomoya ejika ngendlela efanayo kuzo zombini iindawo.