Uxinzelelo lomsinga we-tidal

Ininzi ye-umbane ovuselelekayo ixhomekeke kwimozulu. Amaza olwandle axhomekeke kwindlela yenyanga kunye nokujika kwehlabathi, oko kukuthi kutheni iiteyibhile zelwandle zingashicilelwa iminyaka edlulileyo. In a few narrow channels, such as the Pentland Firth between mainland Scotland and Orkney, that motion becomes a current of 3 to 5 metres a second, faster than most people can run. Faka i-turbine kuyo kwaye unayo indawo yokusebenza enamandla apho ukuphuma kwayo ungalindela ukuba kufike kwiyure yesiqingatha.

Eli phepha lilandela imithetho efanayo njenge Uphando lweGumbi leFan: ifizikhi yokuqala, ngoko into eyenziwe ngeematshini ezizimeleyo, emva koko into ebiza ngayo xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso eliqhelekileyo lendawo yonke yengqondo kwisakhiwo kufuneka ibetha, ipaneli yelanga esecaleni kwendlu. Uhlobo olufutshane: **inkqubo yomoya ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu isebenza, inokulindelweyo, kwaye iiprojekthi ezintsha zihlala zibiza amaxesha amaninzi njengeefama zelanga okanye zomoya. Inokuphumelela kwiintaka kunye nemida ebekwe kude apho amandla sele abiza kakhulu, kwaye ingaba yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo, inxalenye eqinileyo yeziqhamo ukuba iindleko ziqhubeka zihla. Akayi kubakho nxalenye enkulu yehlabathi le-electricity. **

Yintoni

Zikhona iindlela ezimbini zokuvelisa umbane ukusuka kwixesha lolwandle.

Inqanaba lolwandle lisebenzisa ubukhulu obuhlukileyo phakathi kwamanzi aphezulu naphantsi. Umdam odlula emlanjeni (umgquba) okanye umda ojikeleze inxalenye yolwandle (i-lagoon) ugcina amanzi, emva koko uvumela ukuba ahambe ngee-turbines, njengedam yomlambo. Iqinisekisiwe: iLa Rance eBrittany isebenza ukusukela ngo-1966, neSihwa Lake eMzantsi Korea, ene-254 MW, yavuliwa ngo-2011. Kodwa i-barge itshintsha umlambo wonke, kwaye ambalwa kakhulu aye yenziwe. Isicelo esikhulu seminyaka ephelileyo, i-320 MW lagoon kwiSwansea Bay eWales, safumana imvume yocwangciso ngo-2015 kwaye salahleka ngurhulumente weUK ngexabiso ngo-2018.

Umsinga we-tidal, isihloko sephepha eli, sibeka ii-turbines kumsinga ngokwawo, ngaphandle kwedam. Zibonakala njengeziqhushumbisi zesibhakabhaka eziphantsi kwamanzi, okanye zibekwe phantsi komphezulu welwandle okanye zitshixiwe ngaphantsi kwesiqu senqanawa esidadayo. Oku kwenza ukuba zikhanya kakhulu kwimeko-bume kwaye zincinci kakhulu kubungakanani, isixhobo ngasinye ngexesha, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zonke iziseko zexesha elidlulileyo zibe ngumsinga wemvula.

Indlela esebenza ngayo

Kutheni i-tides ilindeleke. Ukutsala kwenyanga kutsala umlambo ube ziindawo ezimbini ezijikelezayo kwicala elifanayo lehlabathi, kwaye ihlabathi lijika phantsi kwazo. I-moon tide ephambili iphinda iyure nganye ezili-12 nemizuzu engama-25. Ilanga lidibanisa umsinga omncinci wendalo wakhe. Xa ilanga nenyanga zihamba ngokuthe tye, kwinyanga entsha nepheleleyo, ezimbini zidibanisa zibe namandla imvula eshushu; emva kweveki ziye zayeka ngokwamacandelo zibe buhlungu imvula ebandayo. Inkqubo epheleleyo ithatha iintsuku ezili-14.8. Yonke enye yalezi zigqubuthelo yi-astronomi, ngoko ke umsinga kwindawo enikiweyo unokufunyanwa kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo.

Imandla kumsinga. Ngokuchanekileyo njengokuba kumoya, amandla adlulayo kwindawo A yi P = ½ ρ A v³, apho ρ kukuxinana kodaka kunye ne v isantya saso. I-turbine igcina inxenye yayo, amandla alinganayo Cp. Amalwandle azitotywe ngama-1,025 kg ngemitha ejikelezayo, umoya malunga nama-1.2 Ngoko ke nokuba umsinga uhamba ngesantya esiphantsi, ukuxinana ngaphezu kokuyenza: kwi-3 m/s imitha yesikwere somsinga ithatha 13.8 kW, ngelixa enye imitha yesikwere yomoya onamandla we-12 m/s ithatha 1.1 kW. Le nto ibangela ukuba 18 m yemoto ejikelezayo ejikeleza ngesantya esiphezulu ivelise 1.5 MW, efanayo nemoto ejikelezayo yomoya ebanzi kathathu.

I-cube isebenza ngeendlela zombini. Kuba amandla ahamba ne-cube yesantya, umbhobho ophindwe kabini unikezela ngeshumi elinanye le power. Umsinga kwindawo enyuka kwaye uwela kabini ngosuku kwaye ujikeleza phakathi kweendawo ezishushu nezibandayo ngeveki ezimbini, ngoko ke i-turbine encinci ukutsala imimoya yemvula ekhawulezayo iya kuhlala ihlala ikhululekile. Abayili ngoko bakhetha isantya esilinganiselweyo, rhoqo malunga ne2.5 ukuya kwi3 m/s, ngaphezulu kweso i-turbine ishiya amandla angaphezulu. Uchazayo ngasentla ubonisa ukutshintshiselana: umgama ophantsi olinganiselweyo unika isizathu esiphezulu sokusebenza (ixesha elininzi kwimveliso epheleleyo) kodwa isixhobo esincinci.

Into eninzi esiqhagamshelanisi siyinika. Isiqhagamshelanisi asiyomvuzo ongenakuphela womandla. Ii-turbines zikhawuleza amanzi athatha amandla kuwo, kwaye ezininzi ziya kuvala isiqhagamshelanisi ukuze imvula ifumane enye indlela yokujikeleza. IGarrett neCummins babonisa ukuba amandla aphezulu esiqhagamshelanisi angavelisa ngokuthe ngqo yi malunga 20 ukuya kwi-24% yesantya esiphezulu sengqondo ukusuka kwisiphelo esisodwa ukuya kwezinye amaxesha zokuhamba okuphezulu, rhoqo incinci kakhulu kunee-kinetic energy ezihamba ngendawo yayo ethe nkqo (Garrett noCummins, 2005). I-turbine kwisiqhamo ingabetha umda weBetz wamanzi avulekileyo ka-59.3%, kuba amasango esiqhamo agcina ukuphuma ngaphakathi, kodwa ezinye zezo zifumene zilahleka kwakhona njengoko imijelo ekhawulezayo necothayo idibanisa ngasemva kwayo (Garrett noCummins, 2007).

Iimida: ezizisiseko nezokusetyenziswa

Iplanethi yonke. Iilwandle zilahleka malunga ne-3.7 terawatts ngenxa yokugquma, malunga nekota yayo kwilwandle olunzulu kunye nokunye kulwandle oluphantsi kunye nemilambo (Egbert and Ray, 2000). Oku kuziva ngathi kuninzi ngaphezu kokusetyenziswa kweebhetri zehlabathi eziphakathi kwezi-3.4 TW, kodwa akukho nto ihamba ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo, ifutshane ngokwaneleyo ukuya elwandle, emanzini aphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukudibanisa. Iindawo ezilishumi elinambini kuphela kwihlabathi ezinamanzi aphezulu kwe-2 ukuya kwi-2.5 m/s: umntla weScotland, iiNtaba zeChannel neBrittany, iBay of Fundy eCanada, iindawo zaseKorea, China, Japan neIndonesia.

Isibalo selizwe esicacileyo. Kwi-United Kingdom neChannel Islands, ezinezinye zezona ndawo zilungileyo kwihlabathi, uhlolo lwangu-2021 luxhase icebo elisebenzayo le-34 TWh ngonyaka, malunga ne-11% yesicelo se-UK sombane ngoku, ukusuka kwi-11.5 GW yee-turbines ngo-2050 (Coles et al., 2021). Kwiintlanga ezininzi lo mfanekiso umalunga ne-zero.

Ulwandle olulodwa. Imida esebenzayo yimizobo nemali:

• Izithuthi. Ubunzima bamalwandle kuthetha ukuba imoto yomoya ojikelezayo iziva amandla amaxesha amaninzi angaphezulu kunemoto yomoya ejikelezayo enesilinganiselo esifanayo, kwaye imijelo yemoya ojikelezayo iyaphazamiseka. Blades, bearings and seals must survive this for 20 years.
• Ukufikelela. Abatyibilizi kunye neenqanawa zingasebenza kuphela kumaza acocekileyo, ukuphumla okufutshane phakathi kolwandle olushushu nolwandle olubandayo, kwaye kwimozulu ezolileyo. Iinqanawa ezikhethekileyo zibiza kakhulu ukuqeshwa ngemini. Iimodeli ezidadayo ezinjenge-Orbital’s O2, ezinokukhupha izijikelezisi zazo ngaphandle kwamanzi, zaziphuhliswe kakhulu ukucinywa kwale xabiso.
• Ukulungiswa nokutywina. Ulwandle lwamanzi, ukukhula kweelwandle kunye ne-sediment ihlasela konke.
• Igridi. Iindawo ezilungileyo zikwindawo ekufuphi nomlambo, kude nokufuna kunye nokudityaniswa kwegridi enamandla.

Iiprojekthi ezibonakalayo,

Iprojekti	apho	Ubungakanani	I-Image object type	Izinto ezilindelweyo
MeyGen Isigaba 1A	Isiqithi seNtshona, iPentland Firth, eScotland	4 × 1.5 MW, i-18 m rotors	Isebenza ukusukela ngo-2016 ukuya ku-2018	13.8 GWh in 2019 (a 26% capacity factor); past 50 GWh by early 2023; about 59 MW more with guaranteed prices for 2027 to 2029 (MeyGen)
O2 Orbital	I-Fall of Warness, Orkney (EMEC)	2 MW, ii-rotors ezibini ze-20 m kwi-72 m yobuso benqanawa olwandle	I-Grid-connected July 2021	Ifakwe ukuhlangabezana nemfuneko yonyaka malunga namakhaya angama-2,000 eUK; iinjini ezingaphezulu zeO2-class zigcina iikontraki zeUK (Orbital Marine Power). Sifumene akukho rekhodi elipheleleyo elishicilelwe lovavanyo lwemveliso yeminyaka le.
I-Nova Innovation Shetland Tidal Array	IBluemull Sound, iShetland	6 × 100 kW kwinqanaba eliphezulu	First turbine 2016; three oldest removed 2023	469 MWh kwiintsuku ezingaphezu kwe-14,000 zokusebenza ngoDisemba ka-2020; uyilo olulandelayo lokuhamba ngokuthe ngqo lukhuphe iindleko zesithuthi segesi ngengxenye yesithathu (Nova Innovation)
SeaGen	Strangford Lough, North Ireland	1.2 MW, ii-rotors ezimbini kwi-pile	2008, ukusukela	I-turbine yokuqala ye-megawatt-scale ejikeleza umsinga we-tidal efike kwi-power full kwigridi, ngoDisemba 2008 (Tidal stream generator)
La Rance (uluhlu lwe-tidal, kwimeko)	Brittany, France	240 MW dam	ukusukela ngo-1966	About 540 GWh a year, a 26% capacity factor; built for about USD 340 per kW in 2012 money (IRENA, 2014)
Ilali yaseSihwa (uluhlu lwemimandla yemvula)	Korea, EzantsiName	254 MW	ukusukela ngo-2011	552 GWh ngonyaka; ixabiso malunga ne-USD 560 yezigidi, eyenziwe kumgca wolwandle okhoyo (iSihwa Lake)

Iincwadi ezimbini ezithembekileyo zetheyibhile. Okukuqala, iteknoloji isebenza: ii-turbines ziqhube iminyaka emininzi kwezinye zeendawo ezinomngcipheko omkhulu wamanzi eYuropu kwaye zathumela amawaka eeyure zegigawatt kwigridi. Eyona, i-array ekhawulezayo ivelise ngaphantsi kunokulindeleka. Ii-array zokuqala zazilindeleke ukuba zifike kwizinto ezivelisa amandla ezili-35 ukuya kwezi-42% (Iinkqubo zoMmandla weOcean, 2015). Unyaka wokuqala olungileyo weMeyGen wanikela nge26%, kwaye kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala yaphakathina ne-20% njengoko iinqanawa zomoya zangaphandle zasuswa ukulungiswe zitshintshwe ngezixhobo eziphuculweyo. Ii-turbines ezisibhozo zeNova ezili-100 kW zibonisa imodeli efanayo kwinqanaba elincinci: umbane olungileyo, ukufunda okulungileyo, kunye namamatshini aphumayo kwiminyaka embalwa.

Ixabiso

Ixabiso lomoya ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu lixhomekeke kulapho amagunya enqwenela ukuqinisekiswa khona, kuba akukho projekthi ihlawulwe ngokwayo.

Icebo	Yintoni	Ixabiso
Iikontraki zeUK zoBume obuhlukileyo, umjikelo we-6 (2024)	Ixabiso eliqinisekisiweyo le-28 MW yomoya osuka elwandle, iminyaka eyi-15	£172 ngeMWh kwixabiso le-2012, malunga ne-£250 okanye i-$0.32 nge-kWh kwimali ye-2025
I-Ofisi	Iifama zelanga / umoya olwandle / umoya	£50 / £51 / £54 ngeMWh (ixabiso le-2012)
Coles et al. (2021)	Ixabiso eliqikelelwayo likhoyo le-UK	about £240 per MWh, falling below £150 after 124 MW of learning
Iinkqubo zombane weOcean (2015)	Iinkqubo zokuqala / iinkqubo zesibini / iiprojekthi zorhwebo lokuqala	$333 to $625 / $210 to $470 / $130 to $280 ngeMWh
La Rance noSihwa (IRENA, 2014)	Iindawo ezidala, ezihlawulelweyo ze-tidal range dams	€0.02 ukuya kwi-€0.04 nge-kWh
Isiphumo sethu	Iinkqubo zelanga ezikwindlu, imodeli ye-Fan Wall; Lazard 2026 uluhlu lweenkqubo zelanga zorhwebo nezomphakathi	$0.19 nge-kWh; $0.09 to $0.20
Lazard (Juni 2026)	Isixhobo esitsha selanga / umphunga olwandle / umphunga olwandle	$0.04 to $0.10 / $0.04 to $0.10 / $0.11 to $0.17 nge-kWh

Iimali ezitsha zokuhamba kweelwandle ngokumalunga $0.25 to $0.35 nge-kWh namhlanje, iyure enye nengxenye ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbini zelanga elingenamanzi elunxwemeni kunye neeyure ezintathu ukuya kwezisibhozo zelanga elisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nomoya osuka emanzini. Uthelekiso nomoya ongaphandle kwelwandle, enye iteknoloji enkulu yolwandle, yiyo ekufuneka uyijonge: umoya ongaphandle kwelwandle wawubiza kakhulu kunamandla elanga kunye nomphunga ophuma phantsi kolwandle iminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, kwaye ixabiso layo lahla ngokuthe nkqo njengoko iiprojekthi zakhula zibe ngamawaka ee-megawatts. Umoya osuka emanzini ashushu ulindele ukulandelela loo ndlela, kodwa ngoku sele ifake ii-megawatts apho umoya ophuma emanzini ashushu wafaka ii-gigawatts.

I-LCOE eqhelekileyo ayiqwalaseli into enye eyakubakho kumandla olwandle kunye nelanga nomoya: imveliso yayo iziwa ngaphambili kwaye ayiyikuxhomekeka kwimo yezulu. UColes kunye nabahlobo bakhe bakholelwa ukuba oku kungakhupha iindleko zokulinganisa umgca, onokuthi uthelekiso lweendleko eziqhelekileyo lushiye ngaphandle. Le yinzuzo elungileyo, kodwa ayikho enye enkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvala ithuba.

apho ingaphumelela khona, nalapho ingaphumelelanga

Inokufumana:

• Iziqithi kunye nemida ebekwe kude enemimandla emikhulu, ezinjengeOrkney, iShetland, iiNtaba zeChannel, iNova Scotia kunye nezona ndawo zincinci zaseIndonesia nasePhilippines apho umbane uvela khona kwidizili engeniswe ngaphakathi kwaye amacingo ahambayo ukuya kwintlambo enkulu abiza kakhulu.
• Isiphelo esiqinileyo, inxalenye elindelekeyo yegridi elawulwa ngulanga nomoya, igcwalisa ezinye zeeyure xa zombini ziphantsi, kuba umsinga wolwandle awukhathaleli ixesha lonyaka.
• Indawo apho isakhiwo sikhona. ILake Sihwa yakhiwa kumngxunya wolwandle osele ukho; izibrotho, iindlela zokungena kunye nemigangatho yesikhululo seenqwelomoya ehamba ngokukhawuleza zifanele zijongwe.
• Iindawo ezincinci, ezingangeni kwigridi yomthwalo emanzini akhawulezayo: ukujongwa kwee-boyes, iinqanawa zokuqhuba kunye neendawo zokukhula kwezityalo.

Akukho nto iphumelelayo:

• Ngaba ixabiso liphantsi le-umbane owenziwe ngokuthe ngqo, naphi na apho iifama zelanga okanye zomoya zingakhiwa khona phezulu.
• Iindawo eziphezulu, apho umsinga ophezulu ungaphantsi kweemitha ezi-2/s: umthetho wecube usenza amandla ancinci kakhulu.
• Ngaphaya kwexesha. Iisivumelwano, unxibelelwano lwegridi, inqanawa ekhethekileyo kunye nekhonkco elincinci lokunikezelwa kuthetha ukuba iiprojekthi zithatha iminyaka emininzi.

Izinto eziqinisekisiweyo, ezinokwenzekayo

Iqinisekisiwe: isayensi yelanga kunye nokuqikelelwa kweelwandle; ukulingana kwamandla kunye nenzuzo yoxinano lwamanzi; ukuba ii-turbines ezithe tyaba ezinokusebenza iminyaka emininzi kwimijelo enamandla ye-tidal kwaye zithunyelwe kwigridi; ukuba izithinteli zendawo yokudada kwe-tidal zingasebenza ngaphezulu kwekhulu eliphakathi; ukuba akukho ngquzulwano phakathi kwezilwane zaselwandle kunye nokusebenza kwee-turbines zafunyanwa de kube ngu2021 (Coles et al., 2021).

Ingalindelekanga: iindleko zihla ngaphantsi kwe-£150 ngeMWh xa amaqela ezigidi zeemegawatts akhiwa; ii-turbine ezidadayo zikhupha iindleko zolondolozo; ubukhulu bezinto ezivelisa amandla yi-35 ukuya kwi-40% kumaqela aphilileyo aneendawo ezifumaneka kakuhle; ixabiso legridi lokwazi ukulindela elifanele ukuba lihlawulwe.

Izibalo: umsinga wemvula ofike kwixabiso lomoya ongaphandle kwelwandle; amaqela amakhulu kakhulu kwisiqhagamshelanisi esifanayo ngaphandle kokuguqula ngokucacileyo imibhobho yayo kunye nobume bendalo; iziphumo zexesha elide kwisediment, ukubekwa kwamanqanaba kunye nabathandi bokutya abajikeleze ii-turbines kwinqanaba le-gigawatt.

Imibuzo yophando oluvulekileyo

• Ii-array, hayi ii-turbines ezizimeleyo. Ngaba iinqanawa ezisuka kumqolo we-turbines zisebenza kunye, kwaye ngaba isiqhagamshelanisi sihamba ngokukhawuleza xa kukho ezininzi ezifakwe?
• Reliability. Which designs of blade, bearing, seal and generator survive 20 years of turbulent water without costly lifts?
• Ukufaka okubizayo nokufinyelela. Isiqu senqanawa esidadayo, amasiseko ambalwa amakhulu, kunye nokusebenza ngaphandle kwamanzi acocekileyo.
• Ukulinganisa ukusebenza. Ukulinganisa iigophe zezixhobo ezinamandla kwindlela eyiyo, yokuhamba okujikelezayo ngenkqubo ye-IEC TS 62600-200 eqhelekileyo, ukuze abathengisi balinganise iinjini ngokuchanekileyo (Energy Renewable, 2023).
• Imeko-bume. Umngcipheko wokungqubana kwee-seals, ii-porpoises kunye neekati ezihamba ngeenyawo; intshukumo; iziphumo kwi-sediment kunye neentlobo ezidla ngamanzi akhawulezayo.
• Ixabiso lokuqikelela. Ixabiso leyure ye-megawatt elindeleke ukuba ifike kwigridi enelanga nemoya ezininzi lithini?

Izinto ezifunekayo

Imbono entsha yokudada (imoto entsha, ucingo olubizayo, indlela entsha yokugcina iimashini) ingavavanywa kwinqanaba elincinci kuqala. Iindleko ezingaphantsi ziyimilinganiselo yethu ecacileyo yeqela elincinci, ukuze lilungiswe ngendawo yovavanyo.

Inqanaba	Umsebenzi	Iinkqubo	Ixabiso elipheleleyo	Ixesha
1. I-flume okanye i-rolling tank	Imodeli ye-0.3 ukuya kwi-1 m yokujika imoto ekufumaneni amanzi kwiyunivesithi okanye eqhutywa ngamanzi acocekileyo, 0.5 ukuya kwi-2 m/s	Ixabiso elilinganiselweyo le-power coefficient kunye noxinzelelo oluchaphazela isantya	$20k to $80k	2 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-4
2. Umlambo okanye umlambo ohamba ngamanzi	Iyunithi ye-1 ukuya kwi-10 kW kwintambo enkulu yombane okanye isakhelo esincinci kumlambo okhawulezayo okanye umlambo ophuma emlanjeni, enemitha yamandla asasazekayo kunye nemitha ebhalisiweyo yezixhobo	Igophe elisebenzayo le-power, isantya sokuqalisa, ukufakelwa kunye neengcambu	$50k to $200k	6 ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-12
3. Indawo yovavanyo lwesikali	Ii-10 ukuya kwi-100 kW zesinyithi kwisiza sokukhula kweentaka njengesicwangciso se-EMEC eOrkney, esinomlinganiselo ohlukileyo	Ukuthembeka, ixesha lolondolozo, ulawulo lwemeko-bume	$0.5 million to $3 million	1 ukuya kwi-2
4. Ubungakanani obupheleleyo	I-megawatt machine kwindawo yovavanyo eqhagamshelwe kwigridi	Iinkcukacha zomsebenzi ezinokwenziwa	iizigidi	minyaka emininzi

Iinkqubo ezimbini zokuqala zikwindawo efumanekayo kwiqela leyunivesithi okanye iqela elimiselweyo labavelisi. Ziyinto efunekayo kwindlela yokudlala: imodeli ejikeleza emanzini acacileyo kunye nomlinganiselo obonisa into eyenziwayo.

abafuna

• Abaqulunqi be-hydrodynamics yamanzi kunye neemodeli zoluntu olunobungozi
• Abanjiniyela abasuka phandle nakwilwandle besiseko, iziqwenga ezibophelelayo, iziqu zesikhitshane ezidadayo kunye nokusebenza kweelwandle.
• Iinjiniya zesithuthi phantsi kolwandle kunye nezixhobo zombane-zombane ezisebenzisa igenerator, iintambo zokubopha kunye nokudibanisa kwegridi.
• Iindawo zovavanyo: ii-flumes zeyunivesithi kunye neetanki zokutsala, imilambo ephuma emanzini eneendlela zokufikelela, kunye neziko lovavanyo njenge EMEC eOrkney okanye FORCE eNova Scotia.
• I-Ecologists imeko-bume yendalo.
• Certification specialists familiar with the IEC 62600 marine energy standards.
• Iindawo eziphakathi kweziqithi kunye neegunya zesikhephe ezineendawo zokugcina amanzi akhawulezayo nezixhobo

Unayo imbono engcono?

Abathile abaxhasi be-Foundation banokuba nabaqhagamshelana nabo abanokubona i-pitch. Ukubekwa, imbono ifuna isebenza, imodeli yobomi bokwenyani eyenza amandla, nemveliso yayo eqikelelwa kwisixhobo, ayithethiweyo: umqhubi omncinci kwisiqithi okanye kumlambo onemitha ebhalisiweyo inokuba ngcono kunezo zodweliso. Iimbono zephepha zithandeka kakhulu: ukuba ifizikhi kunye namaxabiso aqinile, sinokuzipapasha apha kwiwebhusayithi. kodwa ukunyusa ikapitali ngaphandle kwemodeli esebenza kakuhle kunzima kakhulu, kwaye akukho nto apha inokuba yithemba lokuxhaswa, ukuphinda kwenziwe okanye ukunikezelwa.

Thumela imbono yakho nge ifomu yokunikwa ingqalelo, ukhethe iGreen Initiative. Sixelele ingxaki eyenza ukuba siphume, uvavanyo lwefizikhi (i-kW eziliqela ngemitha yesikwere se-rotor, kwisantya esisebenza ngayo), ixabiso eliphakathi le-kWh nganye, kunye novavanyo olukhawulezayo olunokuthi luqinisekise ukuba ayichanekanga. Iphepha izinto ezivelisa amandla lithelekiswa nale mbono nezinye ezilishumi elinanye.

IiNkqubo

1. IMeyGen/ Ampeak Energy (eyaziwa ngokuba yiSAE Renewables neSIMEC Atlantis). Iprojekthi yeMeyGen yokuhamba kweelwandle: ii-turbines, ubukhulu, iimvelaphi zokwakha kunye neenkqubo zexesha. Bona kwakhona MeyGen kwi-Wikipedia yemveliso yonyaka kunye neentlanganiso zekontraki.
2. ISebe le-UK loKhuseleko lweNkqubo kunye neNet Zero (2024). Iikhontrakthi zokwahlula-hlula unikezelo lweeNkqubo ezili-6.
3. IRENA ne-IEA-ETSAP (2014). Isishwankathelo setekhnoloji yokusetyenziswa kwamandla emvula.
4. Iinkqubo zombane welwandle (2015). Ixabiso eliphakamileyo lehlabathi lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zombane welwandle.
5. I-Coles, D., Angeloudis, A., Greaves, D. et al. (2021). Uhlolo lwe-UK kunye neBritane yesiqithi seChannel esisebenza kwicebo le-enzululo lomoya ojikelezayo. Imisebenzi yeRoyal Society A 477.
6. Garrett, C. noCummins, P. (2005). I-power potential yamaza olwandle esiqwini. Imisebenzi yeRoyal Society A 461, 2563-2572.
7. Garrett, C. noCummins, P. (2007). Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-turbine kwisiqhagamshelanisi se-tidal. Incwadi yezobunzululwazi bezinto ezijikelezayo 588, 243-251.
8. Egbert, G.D. noRay, R.D. (2000). Ukulahleka okubalulekileyo kwee-amandla emvula emntla lwandle olunzulu oluvela kwidatha yesatellite yokulinganisa ubude. Indalo 405, 775-778.
9. Umbane we-orbit yelwandle (2021). I-Orbital Marine Power ikhupha i-O2; I-Orbital Marine Power kwiWikipedia.
10. I-Nova Innovation. I-Shetland Tidal Array, kunye neMarine Scotland’s inkqubo yokufunda iimeko.
11. Isixhobo sokwenza umsinga we-tadal kunye ne Umandla we-tadal, iWikipedia: SeaGen, La Rance, Swansea Bay; SeaGen, iWikipedia: iimoto ezibini ezingama-16 m, zafakwa ngo-Epreli 2008, zasuswa ngo-2016 ukuya ku-2019.
12. Isikhululo seNkqubo yeSihwa Lake Tidal, Wikipedia.
13. Lazard (Juni 2026). Ixabiso eliNciphisayo leNkqubo, uguqulelo 19.
14. Local Solar System Isiseko. Imigangatho ye-fan wall: imodeli evulekileyo neyaziwa kakhulu, uphahla lwelanga kwi-$0.19 nge-kWh.
15. Evans, P., Ashton, I. noSellar, B. (2023). Uvavanyo lokusebenza kweenjini zesibhakabhaka ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu ngokulandelelana ne-IEC TS 62600-200 usebenzisa ubungakanani kunye nohlobo lwemveliso yezixhobo. Umbane ovuselelekayo.
16. Sabella (inkampani), iWikipedia: i-1 MW D10 turbine, edityaniswe negridi yeUshant ngoNovemba 2015.
17. Uxinzelelo lwamanzi, iWikipedia: 1.225 kg ngemitha ye-cubic kwinqanaba lelwandle kwiNkqubo Yehlabathi Eqhelekileyo Yemozulu.