Tidal stream energy

Muchena-zvinogadziriswa magetsi anoenderana nemamiriro ekunze. Makore emvura anotarisana nezuva anoenderana nekumhanya kweMweya uye nekutenderera kwenyika, izvo zvinoita kuti mapepa ekuzorora akwanise kunyorwa makore apfuura. Mumigwagwa mishoma yakaoma, sePentland Firth pakati penyika yeScotland neOrkney, iyo motion inoshandurwa kuva mhuka dzinofamba nemamita 3 kusvika 5 panguva imwe chete, zviri nyore kupfuura vanhu vazhinji vanogona kutamba. Kuti uwane simba, shandisa turbine uye iwe une simba remagetsi iro unogona kufungidzira kuti richasvika sei pazuva kana nguva yese.

Iyi peji inotevera iyo imwecheteyo mitemo sedu Fan Wall research: physics yekutanga, wozoona kuti ndezvipi zvakanyatsojeka zvinodiwa, wozoonawo kuti zvii zvazvinoda kana tikaenzanisa nechiyero chekuongorora chimiro chezvinhu zvese zviri mubhizimisi, icho chinoti pane solar panel pavhu. Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti, tidal stream inoita basa rayo, inogona kufungidzirwa uye mapurojekiti matsva anodhura kakawanda kupfuura simba rezuva kana mhepo. Inogona kukunda panzvimbo dzechitsuwa uye kumahombekombe akaomarara uko simba riri nyore, uye inogona kuve nemhando yepamusoro, yakachengeteka chikamu chema grids kana mari ichiramba ichikwira. Hapana nguva ichave nechikamu chikuru chemagetsi epasi rose. **

Chii icho

Kune nzira mbiri dzekuita magetsi kubva pakubuda kwemvura.

Tidal range inoshandisa iyo height difference pakati pemvura yakakwira neyakaderera. Dam pamusoro pemugodhi (a barrage) kana mubhedha pamusoro pechikamu chegungwa (a lagoon) inochengeta madziva, uyezve inotorwa neturbines, zvakafanana nemadam emugwagwa. Izvi zvakaratidza: La Rance muBrittany yakashanda kubvira 1966, uye Sihwa Lake muSouth Korea, 254 MW, yakatanga kushanda muna 2011. Asi imba yemvura inoita kuti mvura ienderere mberi, uye hapana zvakawanda zvayakaita. Iyo yakakura kwazvo pfungwa yemakore apfuura, 320 MW lagoon paSwansea Bay muWales, yakapihwa mvumo yekumisikidza muna 2015 uye yakarambidzwa nehurumende yeUK pamari mu2018.

Tidal stream, chinyorwa ichi peji, anoisa turbines munguva yacho, pasina dam. Vanoratidza sezviyo zvemhepo pasi pemvura, kana zvakaiswa pamadziro egungwa kana kuti zviri kutambanudzwa pasi pechikepe. Izvi zvinovaita kuti vave nesimba rakawanda pazvisikwa uyewo kuti vave nesimba rakakura, imwe mashini panguva imwe chete, izvo zvinoita kuti zvose zviri kuitwa nhasi zvive zvematiri.

Maitiro ekushanda

Zvino ma tide anokwanisa kufungidzirwa. Kuoma kweMweya kunotora mvura yemusango kuita zvidimbu zviviri zvinoumbwa nenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi, uye pasi rinotenderera pasi pezvidimbu izvi. Iyo yepakati yekubuda kwezuva kunoitika pamwedzi nguva dzose 12 hrs ne 25 mins. Sun inowedzera chidiki tidal yeimwe yake. Pazuva neMweya vachienda pamwe chete, pamwedzi mitsva neyakasviba, vaviri ava vanowedzera simba ravo. spring tides; a week later they partly cancel into weak neap tides. Chirongwa chekubereka chinotora 14.8 zuva. Nekuti zvose izvi zvinoitwa neastronomy, zvinokwanisika kuti nguva yenguva inotevera ichave iri yakareba sei.

Kushanda kwemagetsi mumvura. Sezvakaitika nemhepo, simba rinofamba kuburikidza nenzvimbo A ndi P = ½ ρ A v³, uko ρ iri huwandu hwemvura uye v kutenderera kwayo. A turbine inogara fraction yezvo, simba coefficient Cp. Mumvura yemusango inorema 1,025 kg pamita yekukura, uye mumhepo inorema 1.2. Saka kunyange zvazvo mabwe ari kuoma, huwandu hwavo hunowedzera: pa3 m/s imwe mita yemugwagwa inotakura 13.8 kW, asi iyo imwechete mita yemugwagwa ine simba re12 m/s rinotakura 1.1 kW. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti 18 m tidal rotor iite 1.5 MW, iyo imwe chete neiyo yemhepo rotor ine hupamhi hwemaviri.

Kubofu kunoshanda zvakasiyana. Nekuti simba rinoenda nekubawo kwesimba, magetsi anowedzera kusvika pagumi muzana. Iyo yazvino panzvimbo inokwira uye inodzikira kaviri pazuva uye inofamba pakati pezviyo neneaps zuva rega rega, saka turbine yakagadzirirwa kusangana neanokurumidza matiri ezhizha ichagara ichishanda zvakanyanya. Vagadziri vanosarudza rated speed, kazhinji pamusoro pe2.5 kusvika 3 m/s, pamusoro peiyo turbine inobvisa simba rakawanda. Explainer pamusoro inoratidza trade-off: a pasi rakanyorwa speed inopa yepamusoro simba factor (more of the time at full output) asi chidiki machine.

Kuti sei chikuva chinopa. Chirongwa hachisi chemvura isina kumira yesimba. Turbines inoderedza mvura iyo inoshandisa simba, uye yakawanda yacho ichavhara chigaro kuti tidal iwane nzira imwe yekutenderera. Garrett uye Cummins vakaratidza kuti simba zvikuru chikuva anogona kuburitsa pamusika wakaenzana ndiro pamusoro 20 kusvika ku24% yepamusoro pekumanikidza guruva kubva kune rimwe divi kuenda kune rimwe nguva yepakati pekubuda, nguva dzose zvikuru kupfuura simba kinetic kutenderera kuburikidza yake narrowest pedyo (Garrett uye Cummins, 2005). Turbine munzira inogona kukunda open-mvura Betz muganho we 59.3%, nekuti mabwe nzira kuchengetedza kubuda, asi zvimwe zvekuti kubudirira anorasikirwazve sezvinokurumidza uye zvakaoma kutenderera michina pamberi pake (Garrett uye Cummins, 2007).

Mitemo: Theoretical uye Practical

The whole planet. The tides bvisa pamusoro 3.7 terawatts kune kusvibiswa, zvakapetwa kaviri pamusoro peiyo mumigwagwa yakareba uye iyo yekuzorora mumvura yakapfava uye mahombekombe (Egbert and Ray, 2000). Izvi zvinonzwa sezviri kuwanda zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwemagetsi anoshandiswa pasi rose, ayo anosvika 3.4 TW, asi hapana chezvo chinobuda zvakasimba zvakakwana, kana kuti chiri pedyo negungwa, kana kuti chiri mumvura yakapfava yakakwana yekuvaka imba. Only a few dozen places in the world have currents above 2 to 2.5 m/s: the north of Scotland, the Channel Islands and Brittany, the Bay of Fundy in Canada, parts of Korea, China, Japan and Indonesia.

A realistic national figure. YeUnited Kingdom neChannel Islands, iyo ine mamwe emabasa epamusoro pasi rose, ongororo ye2021 yakatsigira yakakosha simba re 34 TWh gore rega, pamusoro pe11% yezvinoda kwemagetsi muUK, kubva pa11.5 GW yezviyo kusvika ku2050 (Coles et al., 2021). Munyika dzakawanda, huwandu hwevanhu vafa nechirwere ichi huri pedyo nezero.

The sea itself. The practical limits are engineering and money:

• Loads. Density yemvura zvinoreva kuti tidal rotor inonzwa masimba akawanda akakura kupfuura emhepo rotor ine iyo yakafanana saizi, uye tidal channels inowanzove neturbulent. Mabhakitiriya, mabheyaringi uye mapepa anofanira kurarama izvi kwemakore 20.
• Kusvika. Vatambi vemvura uye zvikepe vanogona kushanda chete pamvura yakasviba, munguva pfupi pakati pemvura inopisa neinotonhora, uye mune zvakaomarara zvekunze. Zvikepe zvevanyanzvi zvinodhura zvikuru kuti zvitengeswe nezuva. Kufamba-famba kwezvigadzirwa zvakaita seO2, izvo zvinogona kusimudza maroto avo kubva mumvura, zvaiva zvinodiwa zvikuru kuti zviite izvi.
• Kukanganisa uye kukuvadza. Mvura yakasviba, kukura kwegungwa uye sediment inouraya zvese.
• Grid. The best sites are on remote coasts, far from demand and from strong grid connections.

Real michina, yakaenzana

_Projekti	Ku	_Saizi:	Status	Chii chaive chakaongororwa kana kutaurwa
MeyGen Phase 1A	Inner Sound, Pentland Firth, Scotland	4 × 1.5 MW, 18 m rotors	Kushanda kubva 2016 kusvika 2018	13.8 GWh mu2019 (a 26% simba factor); apfuura 50 GWh muna 2023; pamusoro 59 MW zvakawanda neakavimbika mutengo ye 2027 kusvika 2029 (MeyGen)
Orbital O2	Kudonha kweWarness, Orkney (EMEC)	2 MW, twin 20 m rotors pane 72 m inofamba hull	Grid-yakabatanidzwa Chivabvu 2021	Yakagadzirwa kuti ienderane negore renyika yeUK 2,000; zvimwe O2-class michina kuchengeta UK mubatanidzwa (Orbital Marine Power).Tiri kuwana hapana yakazara yakaburitswa rekodhi yeyakaremwa gore output.
Nova Innovation Shetland Tidal Array	Bluemull Sound, Shetland	6 × 100 kW pakupera kwayo	2016: Kuiswa kwekutanga kweturbine; kubvisa zviviri zvekare 2023	469 MWh mumazuva anopfuura 14,000 ekushandisa kusvika Gumiguru 2020; mushure mekuburitsa-kufambisa dhizaini yakaderedza mutengo weturbine nechikamu chechitatu (Nova Innovation)
SeaGen	Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland	1.2 MW, twin rotors pahomwe	2008, since decommissioned	Iyo yekutanga megawatt-sized tidal stream turbine kuti iwane yakazara simba pa grid, munaDecember 2008 (Tidal stream generator)
La Rance (mativi emvura, kuti uone mamiriro)	Brittany, France	240 MW dam	Since 1966	Maererano 540 GWh gore, a 26% simba factor; yakavakwa kweanenge USD 340 per kW mu2012 mari (IRENA, 2014)
Sihwa Lake (mativi emvura)	Gyeonggi, Korea yekumadokero	254 MW	Since 2011	552 GWh gore rega; mutengo pamusoro USD 560 miriyoni, yakavakwa munguva yese sea wall (Sihwa Lake)

Maviri akarurama kuverenga kweiyi tafura. Pakutanga, technology works: turbines vakashanda kwemakore muvamwe vevakawanda zvakaipa madziro muEurope uye akatumira mamirioni e gigawatt-hours kune grid. Semuenzaniso, early arrays yakagadzirwa kupfuura zvaitarisirwa. Zvimwe zvirongwa zvakatarisirwa kusvika pakuita 35% kusvika 42% (Ocean Energy Systems, 2015). MeyGen’s best early year yakapa 26%, uye mumakore ake ekutanga yaive neanenge 20% sezvakaitwa nevanhu vemuTurbines kuti vagadzirise uye vachange vachivaisa machina akavandudzwa. Nova’s 100kW turbines dzinoratidzwawo padiki: chaiyo emagetsi, chaiyo kudzidza, uye michina yakadzokera kumashure mumakore mashoma.

Chii chinodhura

Tidal mvura inotengeswa zvikuru nezvahurumende dziri kufara kuti zvivimbe, nekuti hapana chirongwa chatobhadhara pachacho.

Musoro	Chii icho	Mutengo
UK Mitemo yeChiyero, round 6 (2024)	Guaranteed price for 28 MW of tidal stream, 15 years	£172 per MWh mumitengo yegore ra2012, pamusoro pe £250 kana $0.32 pa kWh mumari yegore ra2025
Same auction	Solar farms / onshore wind / offshore wind	£50 / £51 / £54 paMWh (mari dzegore ra2012)
Coles et al. (2021)	Yakafungidzirwa nhasi UK tidal stream mutengo	pamusoro £ 240 per MWh, kudonha pasi £ 150 mushure me 124 MW rekudzidza
Ocean Energy Systems (2015)	First arrays / second arrays / first commercial projects	$333 to $625 / $210 to $470 / $130 to $280 per MWh
La Rance uye Sihwa (IRENA, 2014)	Mabhawa ekare, akabhadharwa-off	€0.02 kusvika €0.04 pa kWh
Isu tichienzanisa	Rooftop solar pane imba, Fan Wall model; Lazard 2026 range yekutengesa uye yenharaunda solar	$0.19 per kWh; $0.09 to $0.20
Lazard (Kurume 2026)	New utility solar / onshore wind / offshore wind	$0.04 to $0.10 / $0.04 to $0.10 / $0.11 to $0.17 per kWh

Sokubva patsva tidal kutenderera mari anenge $0.25 to $0.35 per kWh nhasi, imwe nehafu kusvika kaviri nguva rooftop solar uye matatu kusvika makumi maviri nemasere nguva utility solar uye onshore uswa. Kuenzanisa nemhepo yekunze, imwe nyanzvi yesainzi yemvura, ndiyo yaungatarisa: simba remhepo rekunze raivewo rakaoma kupfuura simba rezuva uye rine simba rekunze makore makumi maviri apfuura, uye mutengo wayo wakakwira zvakanyanya sezvirongwa zvakakura kusvika kumazana emegawatts. Tidal Stream inotarisira kutevedzera iyo nzira, asi kusvika parizvino yakaisa megawatts apo offshore wind yaisa gigawatts.

A LCOE nyore haasi kuunganidza chimwe chinhu simba tidal ane uye solar uye uswa havana: yake output inoziva pamberi uye haizvibatsiri kubva panguva yekunze. Coles uye vatsigiri vake vanotaura kuti izvi zvinogona kuderedza mutengo wekuzvidzora kwe grid, iyo inozivikanwa nemitengo yekuenzanisa. Ichokwadi kuti izvi zvinopa mukana, asi hazvisi kunyatsokwana kuti zviite kuti matambudziko aya adzikwe.

Panogona kukunda, uye apo haigone

I can win:

• Ma Islands nenzvimbo dzakaomarara dzekuchamhembe dzinone simba remvura, seOrkney, Shetland, Channel Islands, Nova Scotia uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzeIndonesia nePhilippines, uko magetsi anosvika kubva kudiesel yakaiswa kunze kwenyika uye ma cables ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva ari mutengo.
• Seyakanaka, yakajairika chikamu che grid inotungamirirwa nezuva uye uswa, ichizadza mamwe emaawa apo ese ari pasi, nekuti mvura yemvura haisi kunyatsonzwisisa mamiriro ekunze.
• Pane chivakwa chakafanana. Sihwa Lake yakavakwa mumvura yakanga iripo; migwagwa, mabwe uye mavhareji ehotera ane mvura inobuda nekukurumidza zvinokosha kuongororwa.
• Madiki, off-grid kutakura mumvura yakakwira: kuongorora mabhureki, mabhatiri ezviedza zvekufamba uye nzvimbo dze aquaculture.

I can’t win:

• Se cheap bulk magetsi, chero kupi kwaunogona kuumba maindasitiri ezuva kana emhepo panyika.
• Pamazhinji ekumaodzanyemba, uko peak currents iri pasi pe2 m / s: chimiro chekubhejera chinoita kuti simba rive rakasimba kwazvo.
• Munguva pfupi. Kubvumidzwa, kubatanidza kwegrid, zvikepe zvevagadziri uye bhizinesi rekutengesa ridiki zvinoreva kuti mapurojekiti anotora makore akawanda.

Chii chinoratidza, chinofungidzirwa uye chinofungidzira

Proved: the astronomy and predictability of tides; the power equation and the density advantage of water; that horizontal-axis turbines can run for years in strong tidal channels and export to the grid; that tidal range barrages can run for more than half a century; that no collisions between sea animals and operating turbines had been detected up to 2021 (Coles et al., 2021).

Plausible: mutengo kudonha pasi £ 150 paMWh sezvikwata zvemazana emegawatts zvakavakwa; kutenderera turbines kuderedza mari yekuchengetera; simba zvikonzero zve35 kusvika 40% muzvikwata zvinokura nemhando yepamusoro; grid kukosha kwekufungidzira kuti zviri nani kutenga.

Speculative: tidal stream inosvika mutengo wekunze kwemhepo; zvakaomarara zvikuru zvinyorwa muchirongwa chimwe chete pasina kuchinja zvakanyanya mapurojekiti ayo uye ekology; mhedzisiro yenguva refu pamadziro, stratification uye predators vachidya pamusoro peturbines pagigawats scale.

Ongororo dzekutsvaga

• Arrays, kwete imwe turbines. Sei wakes kubva maruva eturbines kusangana, uye chii chaiyo chikuva chinononoka kana akawanda akaiswa?
• Reliability. Ndeapi magadzirirwo eblade, bearing, seal uye generator anorarama 20 makore emvura yakaoma pasina mutengo wezvitima?
• Cheaper kuiswa uye kuwana. Floating hulls, zvishoma uye makuru mafoundations, uye kushanda kunze kwemvura yakasviba.
• Kuongorora kwesimba. Kuongorora kwemagetsi ekurongeka muchokwadi, turbulent kutenderera nenzira yeIEC TS 62600-200 standard, kuitira kuti vatengesi vanogona kuenzanisa maturusi zvakaenzana (Renewable Energy, 2023).
• Environment. Risk yekusangana kweseals, porpoises nebirds; noise; effects on sediment and on the species that feed in fast water.
• Kukosha kwekufungidzira. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa kuti zviite kuti magetsi awane simba kubva kuzuva nemhepo?

Chii chine basa prototype aifanira

A nyowani tidal chinangwa (atsva rotor, cheaper mooring, atsva nzira yekuchengetera michina) anogona kuongororwa padiki scale yekutanga. Mari idzi dziri pasi apa ndedzedu dzakaomarara zviyero zvechikwata chidiki, izvo zvinoda kuongororwa nesangano rinoona nezvekuongorora.

Nhamba	Kushanda	Chii chinoratidza	Ruvara	_Zvinyorwa
1. Flume kana kutakura tanki	A 0.3 kusvika 1 m model rotor muyunivhesiti kana towed kuburikidza nemvura yakamira, 0.5 kusvika 2 m / s	Kuongororwa kwesimba uye kumanikidza kunopesana nesimba	$20k to $80k	2 kusvika 4 mwedzi
2. Rwizi kana estuary pilot	A 1 kusvika 10 kW unit pa pontoon kana chidiki frame mumvura inofamba nekukurumidza kana estuary, nemeter kwezvinoitika uye a logged power meter	Real simba kurongeka, kuvhura-up speed, fouling uye zvidimbu	$50k to $200k	6 kusvika 12 months
3. Scale kuedza nzvimbo	A 10 kusvika 100 kW machine panzvimbo yekuchengetera semuenzaniso EMEC’s scale site muOrkney, neyekuzvimirira measurement	Kuvimbika, nguva yekuchengetera, kuongorora kwekunze	$0.5 million to $3 million	1 kusvika 2 makore
4. Full scale	A megawatt machine at a grid-connected test berth	Bankable performance data	mamirioni	makore akawanda

Zvirongwa izvi zviviri zvinosvika kune nyanzvi dzemuyunivhesiti kana kuti kuvanhu vakazvipira kuita zvinhu. Vamwewo vacho ndivo vane chinangwa chekuumba: mufananidzo unoonekwa pamvura uye meter inoratidza kuti chii chakaitwa.

Tinofanira kuita sei

• Marine hydrodynamicists uye mamodheru ezviwanikwa zvemahombekombe.
• Offshore uye naval engineers for foundations, moorings, floating hulls and marine operations.
• Subsea electric uye power-electronics vagadziri for generators, cables and grid connection.
• Test zvivakwa: university flumes uye towing tanki, estuaries neruzivo, uye kuongorora masangano se EMEC muOrkney kana FORCE muNova Scotia.
• Marine ecologists yekusangana, mhepo uye nzvimbo yekugara.
• Certification specialists vanozivikanwa neIEC 62600 masimba ekunze.
• Island communities and port authorities with fast water and expensive electricity.

Une pfungwa yakanaka?

Vamwe vatungamiri vesangano iri vanogona kunge vane vanhu vanoita kuti vazive zvauri kutaura. Kuti iite, pfungwa inofanira kunge iri inoshanda, yakajeka-yehupenyu mufananidzo wekuti inenge ichigadzira simba, nechigadzirwa chayo chakanyatsoongororwa pachinhu chisina kutaurwa: rotor yakati wandei mumvura kana mumvuri ine meter inoongororwa iine kukosha kupfuura chero dhiraivha. Ipfungwa dzepapepa dziri kutarisirwawo: kana physics uye mazita ari nyore, tinogona kuzviburitsa pano pawebsite. Asi kusimudzira mari pasina kushanda model iri nyore, uye hapana pano ndiro mashoko emari, kudzoka kana kutsvagisa.

Kutumira yako chirongwa kuburikidza contribution form, kusarudza Green Initiative. Tiudzai dambudziko iri richigadziriswa, physics cheki (zvipi zviuru zvekW pamita imwe chete yerotor, pane chazvino speed), yakaoma mutengo pa kWh, uye cheapest bvunzo kuti inogona kuratidza zvakaipa. Energy sources page inoenzanisa iyi nyaya neimwe chete.

Zvinyorwa

1. MeyGen / Ampeak Energy (yakapfuura SAE Renewables uye SIMEC Atlantis). MeyGen tidal stream project: turbines, kugona, kuumbwa kwezvinangwa uye ma plano enguva. Onawo MeyGen pa Wikipedia yegore rekugadzira uye zvikamu zvekontrakti.
2. United Kingdom Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (2024). Contracts for Difference Allocation Round 6 results.
3. IRENA uye IEA-ETSAP (2014). Tidal energy technology brief.
4. Ocean Energy Systems (2015). International levelised cost of energy for ocean energy technologies.
5. Mumwe munyori anonzi Angeloudis, A., Greaves, D. et al. (2021). A review of the UK and British Channel Islands practical tidal stream energy resource. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 477.
6. Garrett, C. uye Cummins, P. (2005). Power simba remvura kubuda mumigwagwa. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 461, 2563-2572.
7. Garrett, C. uye Cummins, P. (2007). Kushanda kweturbine munzira yemvura inobuda nemvura. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 588, 243-251.
8. Egbert, GD and Ray, R.D. (2000). Kuparadzwa kwakakosha kwesimba remvura muocéane yakadzika inofungidzirwa kubva kune satellite altimeter data. Nature 405, 775-778.
9. “Orbital Marine Power” (2021) (PDF). Orbital Marine Power launches O2; Orbital Marine Power on Wikipedia.
10. Inogadzira mvura. Shetland Tidal Array, neMarine Scotland’s case study.
11. Tidal stream generator and Tidal power, Wikipedia: SeaGen, La Rance, Swansea Bay; SeaGen, Wikipedia: twin 16 m rotors, akaiswa muna April 2008, akabvisa 2016 kusvika 2019.
12. Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, Wikipedia.
13. Lazard (June 2026). Levelized Cost of Energy+, vhezheni 19.
14. Local Solar System Foundation. The Fan Wall: open model and benchmark, rooftop solar at $0.19 per kWh.
15. Evans, P., Ashton, I. and Sellar, B. (2023). Tidal turbine simba performance zvidzidzo zvichitevera IEC TS 62600-200 kushandisa zvakapetwa uye modeled simba outputs. Kuvandudzwa kweEnergy.
16. Sabella (kambani), Wikipedia: 1 MW D10 turbine, yakabatanidza kune Ushant grid munaNovember 2015.
17. Density of air, Wikipedia: 1.225 kg pamita yekubhururuka panzvimbo yegungwa muInternational Standard Atmosphere.