Uphahla lwelanga olunamanzi

Jonga ipaneli yelanga kwimini ekhanyayo kwaye uninzi lwesibane esiphumayo asisebenzisi nto esebenzayo. Iiseli ziguqula i-15 ukuya kwi-20% yokukhanya ibe yi-electricity; i-65 ukuya kwi-70% yayo ivela kubushushu, eyenza ukuba ipaneli ishushu kwaye yenze ingasebenzi kakuhle (IEA SHC Task 60, 2020). Isixhobo sokugcina ubushushu befotovoltaic (PVT) sibeka isitshintshi somkhenkce ngasemva kweeseli, sithwala umkhenkce kude emanzini okanye umoya, kwaye sisebenzisa amanzi ashushu, ukufudumeza indawo okanye ipompo yokushisa.

Isishwankathelo esicacileyo: IPVT isebenza, ithengiswe namhlanje kwaye inokuzisa iiyunithi ezimbini ukuya kwezithathu zobushushu kwiyunithi nganye ye-electricity ukusuka kwisiteyi sesakhiwo esifanayo, kodwa iyahlawula kuphela apho kukho ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kobushushu obuphantsi, kwaye iindleko zayo ezilindelweyo zihlala phezulu kunezipaneli ezihlukileyo kunye neendawo zokuqokelela kwiindawo ezininzi. Eli phepha lichaza ukuba kutheni, ngeenombolo.

Yintoni

Isiqhoboshi sePVT sisixhobo sokukhanya kwelanga kunye nesiqhoboshi sobushushu belanga kwisiqalo esinye. Zikhona iintsapho ezintathu eziphambili (IEA SHC Task 60, 2020):

• Izithotho zamanzi ezivulekileyo zibonakala njengeepaneli eziqhelekileyo ezinesitshintshi sobushushu esithe tyaba esidityanisiweyo ngasemva. Zihamba zipholile, ezilungele iiseli, kwaye zilahlekelwa ngubushushu ngokukhawuleza kumoya. Ziyi-61% yePVT efakweyo yokusebenza kakuhle kweqondo lobushushu kwihlabathi liphela kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengendawo yokufudumeza ipompo yobushushu.
• Iziqulatho ezigqunywe (iglasi) zidibanisa iphepha lesithathu leglasi kunye nethuba lomoya lokukhusela phambi kweeseli. Zifike kwi-50 ukuya kwi-60 °C apho amanzi ashushu ekhaya afuna khona, kodwa iglasi eyongezelelweyo ibonisa ezinye iithoni zeseli zihamba zibukhali, ngoko ke zenza umbane omncinci.
• Izitho zokugcina umoya ziphefumla umoya ngasemva kweepaneli kwaye ziyisebenzise ukufudumeza okanye ukuhambisa umoya endlwini. Ziyi-33% yobungakanani bePVT obufakwe.

Ukugxininisa kunye nokususa i-tube design zikhona kodwa zidlala indima encinci (IEA SHC, Solar Heat Worldwide 2025).

Indlela esebenza ngayo

Imali yokukhanya. Kwimini ecacileyo malunga ne-1,000 W yokukhanya kwelanga ifike kwimitha nganye yesikwere sepaneli ejonge phezulu kwilanga; i-800 W yiyure ekhanyayo eqhelekileyo. Iseli yesilicon iguqula enye indawo ye-spectrum enokuthi isebenzise kwi-electricity. Okuseleyo kubonakaliswa, kuhamba okanye kuba yintliziyo kwiseli.

Ubushushu bubangela ukuba iiseli zibi. Ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli zesilicon ezikristale phantsi ngokuthe ngqo neqondo lokushisa lazo: η_el = η_ref × (1 − β × (T_cell − 25 °C)), apho β imalunga ne-0.4% ngekelvin (uluhlu olulinganiselweyo luyi-0.2 ukuya kwi-0.5%). Ngeegama ezicacileyo: ipaneli elabelwe njenge20% esebenzayo kwi-25 °C inikezela malunga ne-18.4% xa iiseli zayo zihlala kwi-45 °C, eqhelekileyo ngosuku olunelanga (Skoplaki noPalyvos, 2009).

Ukuqoqa ubushushu. Ubushushu obunikezelwa ngumqokelelwano lulandela i-equation kwinqanaba lovavanyo EN ISO 9806: η_th = η_0 − a_1 (T_m − T_a) / G − a_2 (T_m − T_a)² / G. Apha η_0 yinxalenye yelanga eyenza ukuba ishushu xa isichumiso sikwiqondo lobushushu lwemozulu (malunga ne-61% lihlobo lwe-PVT), T_m yiqondo lokushisa eliphakathi lesichumiso, T_a ubushushu bemozulu, G ukukhanya kwelanga kwiW nge m², kunye no a_1, a_2 chaza ukuba kukhawuleza kangakanani ukutyibilika kobushushu. Ngeegama ezicacileyo: ukuba ufuna amanzi ashushu, kungcono ukuba ugcine ubushushu, kwaye umququzeleli ongenakulitywa, ngaphandle kokulityalwa kweglasi ukugcina umoya uphuma, ulahlekelwa ngubushushu ngokukhawuleza kunelinye elikhuselweyo.

Imali ethethwayo. Amanzi apholileyo anceda kabini: iiseli zihamba zipholile kwaye zenza i-electricity eninzi, kunye nomqokelelwano uqoqa ubushushu obuninzi. Amanzi ashushu anqumamisa kabini. Le yisizathu sokuba i-PVT kunye neepompo zobushushu ziyinxalenye yendalo: ipompo yobushushu ifuna umthombo kwi5 ukuya kwi20 °C, ngokuchanekileyo apho umququzeleli we-PVT ovulekileyo usebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Xa igesi ibanda kunemoya, umququzeleli ovulekileyo utsala umoya ukusuka kumoya, ekuseni nakusasa, evumela ukuba ithathe indawo yeyunithi yangaphandle yombhobho wobushushu wendawo yomthombo wemozulu okanye iphinde ifake kwakhona umhlaba ngaphaya kwe umbhobho wobushushu wendawo yomthombo wemozulu. Uxwebhu oluvela phezulu lukuvumela ukuba uzame oku.

Inani. Kuba ukukhanya okuninzi kwenziwa ngamandla ombane, “iiyunithi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zoxinzelelo lwelanga ziveliswa kwiyunithi nganye yoxinzelelo lwesibane, kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kweseli kunye noyilo lwenkqubo” (IEA SHC Task 60, 2020).

Iinjongo

Imbono. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuzisa ngaphezulu kwe-1 kW ngemitha yesikwere emini kwaye, iphakathi konyaka, 100 ukuya kwi-300 W ngemitha yesikwere ngokuxhomekeke kwilatitude kunye nemozulu. Akukho mqokelelwano unokubonelela ngesantya esingaphezulu kunale iwela kuyo (ngaphandle kobushushu obuvela kumsitho womoya umqokelelwano ovulekileyo utsala xa uqhuba phantsi kwemozulu, eyiyo inkqubo yombane yephakheji, hayi ukukhanya kwelanga okuninzi). Umbane ukhuselwe yiseli: malunga neshumi elinanye lelanga kwisilicon yezorhwebo. Ubushushu bugqitywa kubushushu obufunekayo: kwi-60 °C isiqokelelwano sele silahlekelwa yinxalenye enkulu yento esiza kuyifumana.

Isebenza.

• Iqondo lobushushu kufuneka libe nento esetyenziswa kuyo. Ubushushu obuphantsi beqondo lobushushu abukwazi ukuthengwa kwigridi njengegesi. Kwimini ekhanyayo emva kwemini ngoJulayi, indlu enetanki yamanzi ashushu ayikho apho ibeka khona ubushushu ngakumbi, ngoko umqokelelwano uyayeka ukuqokelela (“ukuphumla”) kwaye ufudumeza njengepaneli eqhelekileyo. Ubungakanani becala lobushushu kudinga okulungileyo kungenxa yokuba kukho iinkalo ezininzi kunezinye iinkcukacha zokugcina.
• Imida yobushushu. Iipaneli ezininzi ziqinisekisiwe ukuba zilungele ubushushu beseli ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85 °C. Isixhobo esikhuselweyo sokuqokelela igesi esiya kuhlala sihlala ixesha lonyaka, singafika apho, oku kuzisa ubudala kwizinto ezigcinayo kunye nezo zidityaniswe.
• Imisebenzi emibini kwisiteyi sesinye. I-PVT ifuna umqhubi wegesi nomqhubi wentsimbi, iiseti ezimbini zemigangatho (IEC 61215 ne-61730 yecala le-electricity, EN ISO 9806 yecala lobushushu) kwaye, de kube ngoku, akukho migangatho yovavanyo epheleleyo yayo. Abaphandi be-IEA badwelisa iindleko, uvavanyo kunye neendlela zokufakela, hayi ubunzululwazi, njengezithintelo (IEA SHC Umsebenzi 60 wephepha lendawo).
• Ukhuphiswano oluvela kwizinto ezibizayo zepaneli. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zepaneli zaye zaba zinexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu ukuba isakhiwo singagcina iipaneli zePV ezihlukileyo kunye nesixhobo esincinci sokuqokelela ubushushu belanga, okanye iipaneli zePV kunye nomthombo womoya wepompo yobushushu, ngemali engaphantsi kunenkqubo yePVT.

Iiprojekthi ezibonakalayo,

Iprojekti	Yintoni	Izinto ezilindelweyo	Icebo
26 iinkqubo zemizekelo kwi-IEA SHC Task 60 (iYuropu nangaphezulu, ngo-2020)	Amaqondo obushushu ekhaya, ipompo yobushushu kunye neenkqubo zeshishini, ezijongwa malunga nonyaka	Covered PVT for hot water: up to about 700 kWh of heat per m² a year; uncovered: about 400. Electrical performance ratio 0.66 for covered and 0.75 for uncovered collectors (ordinary PV: 0.7 to 0.85). Heat pump systems using uncovered PVT as their only source reached a seasonal performance factor of about 3 in Switzerland	Schubert noZenhäusern, 2020
Igumbi leSixeko esiTsha, iFreiburg, eJamani (2017)	Ii-PVT collectors zamanzi ashushu kwisakhiwo seofisi esisebenzisa amandla	Designed to deliver 22 MWh of heat a year against a hot water demand of 145 MWh. The measured demand was only 24 MWh a year, so the collector field was far too large, ran hotter and delivered less heat per m². Solar fraction 29.6%; electrical output as expected	IEA SHC Umsebenzi 60, Iinkqubo ze-PVT ezikhoyo
ICarrosserie Pfister, Herisau, Switzerland	I-PVT evulekileyo kwisakhiwo seshishini	106 kWp yombane kunye ne-324 kW yobushushu (ixabiso, hayi ukuphuma okulinganiselweyo)	IEA SHC, Ubushushu belanga kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2025
I-New sports arena, Austria	1,130 m² yePVT eneendawo zokuvavanya umhlaba ezili-80 kunye nepompo yobushushu eyi-540 kW	Ifakwe ukuhlangabezana nemfuneko yobushushu ye-1.4 GWh ngonyaka ngaphandle kwefuthe lendalo (imifanekiso eyenziweyo)	IEA SHC, Ubushushu belanga kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2025
World market, 2024	46 abavelisi	37.5 MW yelanga ne-18.6 MW yombane efakwe ngo-2024; iFrance (629,136 m²), iJamani	IEA SHC, Ubushushu belanga kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2025

I Freiburg case yiyo le ncwadi ibalulekileyo kule phepha: abaqoqi basebenze, ukucinga ukuba amanzi ashushu angakanani amakhaya aya kuyisebenzisa akuzange kwenzeke. I-data epapashiweyo, elinganiselweyo ngokuzimeleyo yenkqubo yePVT ihlala ingafumaneki; inani elikhulu livela kwiprojekthi eziqhubayo.

Ixabiso

Iinketho	Ixabiso nge-kWh	Unyaka nomthombo
PVT, iinkqubo ezidibeneyo ngokufanelekileyo kwiSampulu yoMsebenzi 60	electricity about €0.20; heat below €0.10	2020, Schubert noZenhäusern
PVT, umndilili wemisebenzi 60 yesampuli	0.10 ukuya kwi-€0.15; ubushushu €0.25 (ekhuselweyo) ukuya kwi-€0.45 (engekho	2020, umboneleli omnye (uxhomekeke kwindlela iindleko zihlukaniswa ngayo phakathi kobushushu nombane)
PVT, imodeliwe	0.20; ubushushu €0.22	I-Lämle (2019), echazwe kule ngxelo
Inqaku elifanelekileyo: iipaneli zelanga ezikwindlu enye	about $0.19 central	Imodeli ye-Fan Wall
Urhwebo kunye nosapho lwelanga olubekwe phezulu kweetafile, iUnited States	$0.09 to $0.20	ngoJuni 2026, Lazard LCOE+ uguqulelo lwe-19
Ubushushu belanga, amanzi ashushu, eYuropu	€0.03 (eMzantsi) ukuya kwi-€0.19 (ephakathi nasempuma) nge-kWh nganye	2015, ESTIF, echazwe ngu Schubert noZenhäusern
Ubushushu obuvela kwibhoyile yegesi, amakhaya e-EU	i-€0.14 nge-kWh yobushushu (igesi kuphela: igesi kwi-€0.1228 nge-kWh, 90% yebhoyile esebenzayo)	second half of 2025, Eurostat

Into ethethwa yitheyibhile: inkqubo yePVT elungileyo sele iyenza ubushushu ngexabiso eliphantsi kunegesi yebhoyile yegesi kwiYuropu kunye ne-electricity malunga nexabiso lepaneli zesilingi, kodwa inkqubo yolawulo oluphakathi ayisebenzi. Ukusatshalaliswa kukhulu kuba ixabiso lobushushu luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekubeni lisetyenziswa na. Abaphandi be-IEA bamisela injongo yokucinywa kweendleko zokugcina i-PVT ngezinto ezili-1.5 ukuya kwezi-2 ngobukhulu kunye neteknoloji (Umsebenzi 60 wephepha lokubeka).

apho ingaphumelela khona, nalapho ingaphumelelanga

Inokufumana:

• Iindawo ezifuna ubushushu ngexesha lonke lonyaka kunye nesitulo esincinci: iiblokhi zegumbi, iihotele, izibhedlele, iindawo zokuqubha, iindawo zokuhlamba, iikhabhathi zokudlala. Imitha nganye ethe nkqo isebenza misebenzi emibini.
• Isichumiso sepompo yobushushu. I-PVT engakhuselwanga ingatshintsha iyunithi yangaphandle enesandi okanye iphinde ifake umbhobho wendawo ukuze ungabandanga kwiminyaka, apho ukukhula okukutsha kuvela khona.
• Iindawo ezishushu, ezinelanga ezinokufuna amanzi ashushu apho abaqoqi abakhuselweyo banokufumana uninzi lwazo; inkqubo yomsebenzi we-60 ifike kwi-70% yenxalenye yelanga.
• Iqondo lobushushu eliphantsi lokufudumeza kweshishini (ukuhlamba, ukutshisa, ukuqala ukushisa), apho kukho kusetyenziswa yonke imihla yonyaka.

Akukho nto iphumelelayo:

• Apho ubushushu abukho kumsebenzisi. Ikhaya lokuphumla, iofisi enamanzi ashushu amancinci, okanye indlu esele ifudunyezwe ngumpompo wobushushu eneyunithi yayo yangaphandle inokuxhaswa kakuhle ziiphaneli eziqhelekileyo.
• Kubushushu obuphezulu. Umphunga kunye nenkqubo yokushisa ngaphezulu kwe-80 °C zingaphezulu kwezinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana neeseli zePV; ukudibanisa ubushushu belanga okanye ukugcina ubushushu kulungele kakuhle.
• Ngokuthe ngqo kwixabiso kuphela xa kuthelekiswa neepaneli ezibizayo, de ukufakwa kube yinkqubo eqhelekileyo njenge-PV eqhelekileyo.

Izinto eziqinisekisiweyo, ezinokwenzekayo

Iqinisekisiwe: ityala lobushushu lweeseli zesilicon; ubugcisa bokubambisa kwe-EN ISO 9806; ukuba ababamba bePVT banikezela ngombane kunye nobushushu kwizindlu ezisemthethweni, ngemveliso elinganiselweyo malunga ne400 ukuya kwi700 kWh yobushushu ngom² ngonyaka; ukuba i-PVT engakhuselwanga ingasetyenziselwa njengendawo ekuphela kwayo yepompo yobushushu enexesha lokuveliswa komsebenzi omalunga ne-3 eSwitzerland; ukuba ukunyuka kwesantya seqondo lokushisa kunyusa ukuphuma.

Ingalindelekanga: ukuba ubungakanani bokwenza kunye nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zinganciphisa iindleko nge-factor ye-1.5 ukuya kwi-2; ukuba iPVT kunye neepompo zobushushu zinokususa i-carbon ezingcolisayo kwiiblokhi zesixeko apho akukho ndawo yeeyunithi zangaphandle okanye iibhotile zokutywina; ukuba unxibelelwano olungcono lweqondo lokushisa phakathi kweeseli nomatshini wokuthambisa unyusa zombini iziqhamo.

Izigqibo: Ubushushu obuqhutywa yi-PVT ngexesha lobusuku obujikelezayo kwiskala elisebenzayo (elibonakaliswe kuvavanyo, lihlala lincinci kwimigangatho); ukumelana kwexesha elide kweseli-kwi-absorber bond ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25 yokujika kobushushu; isakhiwo esidityanisiweyo se-PVT facades ngexabiso elikhuphisanayo.

Imibuzo yophando oluvulekileyo

• Iiseli ezidibanisa nezinto ezixutyiweyo kunye nezikhuselayo zikhula njani phantsi kokuhamba kweqondo lobushushu nganye imini kunye nokuhlaza kwexesha lonyaka? Iinkcukacha zendawo yeminyaka emibini nesihlanu azisikho.
• Yintoni isahluli esifanelekileyo phakathi kwePVT, i-PV eqhelekileyo kunye nobude bemibhobho kwinkqubo yepompo yobushushu, kwaye ukuphinda kusebenze kwePVT kwenza njani ukuba kubekho ixesha elide lokuphila kwemibhobho?
• Ingaba isiqhelo sovavanyo esidityanisiweyo kunye nobungqina bunyusa iindleko nexesha lokuzisa imveliso ye-PVT kwintengiso?
• Bafanele balinganise njani abafakeli icala lokufudumeza xa ukufuna kwamanzi ashushu akuqinisekiswanga, njengoko Freiburg yabonisa?
• Ingaba i-polymer ebiza ngaphantsi yokutshintsha ubushushu iyafana neyentsimbi yokuhambisa ubushushu kunye nokuphila?

Izinto ezifunekayo

Kulowo usungula ngePVT entsha, isiqinisekiso esibalayo sisixhobo sokubala esilinganiselwe kwilanga, kunye neesenzo eziqwalaselwe ngokuchanekileyo, ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukubona iintsuku ezintle nezimbi.

Inkqubo	Umsebenzi	Iinkqubo	Ixabiso elipheleleyo	Ixesha
0. Ukufunda kwedesktop	Imodeli yokuhambisa ubushushu yemodeli, ukuthelekiswa nedatha epapashiweyo yoqoqosho, ixabiso elilinganiselweyo	Iingcamango zibetha i-PVT ekhoyo kwiphepha	$5k to $15k	1 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-2
1. Ibentshi kunye novavanyo lwangaphandle lwesixhobo sokugcina	Imveliso ye-electricity eqikelelwayo (iigophe ze-I-V) kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweqondo lobushushu kwiqondo lokushisa elininzi le-fluid, ngokulandelelana ne-EN ISO 9806 ne-IEC 60891 iindlela, kwilaboratorium eqinisekisiweyo okanye kwisigqibo seyunivesithi esicocekileyo	Inyameko η_0, a_1, kunye netyala lobushushu be-electric	$15k to $40k	3 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-4
2. Inkqubo encinci yolawulo oluzenzekelayo	10 ukuya kwi-20 m² yokuxhasa itanki yamanzi ashushu okanye umpompo wobushushu, kunye neemitha zobushushu, iimitha zesibane nesikhululo semozulu, ngonyaka omnye	Iimveliso zexesha, ukuziphatha kokungazinzi, ukuthembela	$40k to $100k	12 Iinyanga
3. Uqinisekiso	IEC 61215 ne-61730 (ukhuseleko lweemoto kunye nobude), iSolar Keymark (iqondo lobushushu), ukuqinisekiswa kwesakhiwo	Imveliso enokuthi ithengiswe kwaye	$60k to $150k	9 ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-12

Phases 0 to 2 cost roughly $60,000 to $155,000. Ezi ziyimilinganiselo yethu evela kwilabhoratri eqhelekileyo kunye neendleko zokujonga, azikho izibalo.

abafuna

• Umyili welanga oshushu oneEN ISO 9806 uvavanyo lwexesha elidlulileyo.
• Umyili wemodyuli yePV oqonda izinto ezikhusela i-encapsulants, ukujikeleza okubandayo kunye ne-IEC 61215.
• Inkonzo zokwakha (HVAC) umyili ukulinganisa icala lobushushu kwaye ubeke iipompo zobushushu kunye nokugcinwa.
• Ukujongana nomzi mveliso ukuyila ubushushu obuqwalaselweyo kunye nokulinganisa umbane.
• Ilungu lokwenza izinto elikwaziyo ukudibanisa kunye nokubophelela izitshintshi zeqondo lobushushu kubukhulu.
• Installers and plumbers willing to trial a combined installation and report the real labour time.

Unayo imbono engcono?

Ungaba unesixhobo esikhuselayo esingcono, indlela ebiza ngaphantsi yokuyidibanisa okanye indlela efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwelanga. Abathile abaxhasi be Local Solar System Foundation banokuba nabaqhagamshelana nabo abanokuva ilizwi elinamandla lombono wokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukuba imiselwe, imbono kufuneka isebenze, imodeli yobomi bokwenyani eyenza amandla kunye nobushushu, ilinganiselwe kwisixhobo, ayithethiweyo. Iimbono zephepha zithandeka kakhulu: ukuba ifizikhi kunye namaxabiso aqinile, sinokuzipapasha apha kwiwebhusayithi. Ukunyusa ikapitali ngaphandle kwemodeli esebenza kakuhle kunzima kakhulu, kwaye asikwazi ukunikela ngemali, ukubuyiswa okanye ukunikezelwa.

I-PVT, uvavanyo oluhle kakhulu olubala njengemodeli esebenza kakuhle isixhobo esiqokelelayo esisengaphandle ecaleni kwepaneli eqhelekileyo efana nayo, kunye neqondo lobushushu lwamanzi aphumayo nangaphakathi, umyinge wokuhamba kunye nokuphuma kwamandla okuqhuba iipaneli zombini kushicilelwe kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezikhanyayo. Eli bonisa ubushushu obufunyenwe nombane ofunyenweyo okanye olahlekile. Thumela nge ifomu yonikezelo, kwaye ubone ukuba i-PVT ithelekiswa njani nezinye iimbono kwi imbono yeradari.

IiNkqubo

1. U-Lämle, M. et al. (2020). Iinkqubo ezisisiseko zetekhnoloji yePVT collector, iindawo zokuyisebenzisa kunye nentengiso. I-IEA SHC Umsebenzi 60, Ingxelo D5.
2. Skoplaki, E. noPalyvos, J.A. (2009). Kwiqondo lobushushu lokuxhomekeka kwinkqubo yokusebenza kweemoto ezisebenza ngefotovoltaic: uvavanyo lwempumelelo/ubudlelwane bomandla. Umbane welanga 83(5), 614-624.
3. I-AEE INTEC ne-IEA SHC (2025). Ilanga elishushu kwihlabathi liphela, ushicilelo lwe-2025, isithuba 5.4, Iinkqubo zefotovoltaic ezibandayo.
4. I-IEA PVPS (2025). Imifanekiso yentengiso ye-PV yehlabathi ngo-2025.
5. I-IEA SHC Task 60 (2020). Iphepha lendawo yeteknoloji yePVT.
6. Schubert, M. noZenhäusern, D. (2020). Uvavanyo lokusebenza kwenkqubo ye-PVT. I-IEA SHC Umsebenzi 60, Ingxelo D2.
7. I-IEA SHC Task 60 (2020). Iinkqubo ze-PVT ezikhoyo kunye neendlela zokulungisa, kubandakanya iphepha ledatha yeNew Town Hall Freiburg (elandelayo kuRéhault et al., 2019).
8. ISO (2017). ISO 9806:2017, Umbane welanga: amaqonga okugcina ubushushu belanga, iindlela zovavanyo.
9. Chow, T.T. (2010). Uvavanyo lwetekhnoloji yelanga esebenzisa amandla ombane/i-thermal hybrid. Ingxolo esetyenzisiweyo 87(2), 365-379.
10. UHerrando, M., Markides, C.N. noHellgardt, K. (2014). Uvavanyo olusekelwe eUK lwenkqubo ye-PV kunye nenkqubo yobushushu belanga yokufudumeza kwasekhaya nokusebenza kwenkqubo. Ingxolo esetyenzisiweyo 122, 288-309.
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