Ijoollee fi ijoollee in-piip

Ka’umsi buufataa, miilawwan bakka bu’ootai kan waldaa tokkotti argamuu, bishaan akka hojiitti fayyadaman. Akkasumas, kanaalee fi dachii isaanii hedduu ammallee jiru. Hydropower is still the largest source of renewable electricity on Earth, about 15% of the world’s electricity in 2023, mostly from large dams (Hydroelectricity). Fakkeenyaaf, akkasumas kan fakkaate, yeroo ammaa kana, fuula kun kan ka’e kan biroon: turbiiwwan kilowattota gara megawaatatti dabree, waldaawwan lamaan, fi buufataawwan bishaanii kan magaalaalee keessatti bishaan itti fayyadamu geessu.

Akka akka Faan Wall research page keenyatti, nuun fizikaalaan eegalna, boodas yoo ilaalle maal sheyxaana dhabanii fi maal ittin ittisa qaban kan walqabatee, paneela saalaa bakka bu’aa $0.19 per kWh. Fakkeenyaaf: **Hydro kan cimaan ni mul’ata, yeroo dheeraaf hin jiraattu fi guyyaan ni hojjetama, akkasumas bakka gaariin sunarii dachaa irratti wal qabatee ni galcha. Ammas, humnaan yeroon itti dabree dabre, reefkii fi paampii hedduun kilowattota hedduu qofa kennuuf carraa argatu, akkasumas, bu’aawwan akka perezidaansii, hojii civiilii fi eegumsa kalluu kan ka’anis skeemawwan baay’ee cimaan. In-pipe hydro kan hin taane yoo ta’e yeroo preeksii akkasumas itti fufuu. **

9.81 kWfi gara tokkotti, kan itti fufe, kan itti fufuu fi kan itti fufe, kan itti fufe, kan itti fufe

79 GW10 MWtti addunyaa keessatti bara 2022, kan nama kuma sadii ol ta’e keessaa tokkoUNIDO, via Small hydro)

165 MWhwaggaa tokko keessatti Settle Hydro's 50kW Archimedes screw Ingiliiz, 38% capacity factor (Settle Hydro)

5 MWthe size below which US conduit hydro projects in pipes and canals no longer need a federal licence, since 2013 (HREA 2013)

Maal akka ta’e

“Hydro ciccimaa” kan ka’e waa’ee maasiinii, yeroo baay’ee kan walfakkaatu: ciccimaa hanga 10 MW, mini gadii 1 MW ykn 500 kW kan hundaa’e biyyatti, micro gadii 100 kW fi pico gadii 5 fi 10 kW (Small hydro; Micro hydro). Akkasumas, kan biraa jireenya-jiibbaa: kaasee akka bu’aa, waldaa ciminaan kan itti fufu bakka jijjirama jijjiramaa irraa gara turbii fi deebisuuf.

A low stone weir across a rocky mountain river, with a concrete intake leading water off into a channel. — Injiishiniin skema Ghunsa micro-hydro fi Nepal: waa'ee baatii tokko keessatti, dhukaasa lafaa kan ta'e, kan ka'e ammoo kan itti fufe. Photo: Nirmaljoshi, CC BY-SA 4.0

Hydro-in-pipe ykn conduct hydro turbiiwwan keessaatti galchuu inni inni jiru: manneen bishaanii kan gara gadii ka’an kan bakka itti bahe, vaalbiiwwan preessii kabachiifaniif yeroon bishaan gara haadha manaatti ga’u, kanaalawwan daandiin ittisa fi guutuwwan hojii ittisaa. Baankiin haaraa fi fuula ji’a haaraa hin jiru, kan akka sababni Yunaayitid Isteetis hojiilee konduubii hanga 5 MW lakkoobsi federaalaa bara 2013.

Akkamitti hojjechaa jira

Ekvaashiinii tokko. Turbinii iyyoogeensii humna potenshiyaala bishaanii dabree gara elektirikiitti jijjiira. The power is P = ρ × g × Q × H × η, where ρ is the density of water (1,000 kg per cubic metre), g is gravity (9.81 m/s²), Q the flow in cubic metres a second, H the head, or height the water falls, in metres, and η the efficiency of turbine, generator and pipework together. Akkasumas: meetiroota kubbaa tokkoo tokko sekondii tokkoon dabree 9.81 kW qaba. Turbiiwwan guddaan 90% ol kan jijjiiran; kan ciccimaniif 50 fi 85% (Mikro hidro).

Four red turbine runners mounted in a row on a white display board. — Four turbine runners, from left: a Pelton wheel for high heads, two Francis runners for medium heads and a Kaplan propeller for low heads. Photo: Meisam, CC BY-SA 3.0

Head and flow trade places. A mountain stream with a trickle of flow and a 100 m drop can deliver the same power as a lowland river with a hundred times the flow over a 1 m weir. Turbiiin sitee ittii fufuu:

Gara guddaa, daandiin cidha (sadii hanga kuma hedduutti): Pelton fi Turgo, ji’oota bishaanii.
Kakuu dabalataa: Francis fi turbii ji’a.
Gara gara-garaa, daangeessuu guddaa (1 fi 10 m): Kaplan proopperii fi Archimedes screw, kan yeroon itti wareegamu, bu’aawwan gahuu fi kan kalluu irratti walfakkaatu.
In pipes: turbiiwwan in-line adda addaa, ykn pompiilee standartii akka turbiiwwanitti ergaa, filannoon baay’ee fayyadamaa fi kan hincaalle.

Preessii kan ta’e fuula. Akka bu’aa, olka’iinsa akka preessii agarsiisa: bar tokko akka fuula 10.2 m walfakkaata. Kunis kan ta’e haala itti fayyadama bishaanii. Magaalaan mana bishaanii baroota muraasa keessatti qaba; bakka mana bishaanii gara baatii tokkotti kan deemu ta’e, preekshiin akka namaatti baay’ee guddaadha, fuula kan bu’aa isaa akka bu’aa fi quuqamu baasu. Turbii tokko bakka waldaa kana keessatti itti fufuu danda’a. The explainer’s “valve in a water main” example, 0.3 cubic metres a second across 3 bar, is about 60 kW that is otherwise wasted.

Irra hin jiru dhadhaa hin qabnee fi bishaan. Turbiiin tokko kan qabate sammuu malee waan hin barbaachisu ta’uu danda’a. Akka tokkotti galchuun bakka bu’iinsa isaa hunda barbaachisa keessatti, kan itti fayyadamtoota irraa hin qabaannee fi poolisii hojii cimaa taasisa, kan manneen barnootaa fi meeshaalee biroo irratti miidhaa guddaa geessu. Akkasumas, bakka-bu’iinsa gaariin kan walfakkaatu dha: manneen jijjirama garaagaraa fi preeziisii dheeressuu, daangeessuu guddaa fi fayyadamuu itti fufu. Kriteerii sitee ofiin of ijaaruu tokkos waa’ee 0.6 fi 2.4 m, 0.9 fi 3.7 m/s fi 5 psi (0.34 bar) akka hin jirretti (Lucid Energy, archived).

A small turbine and generator with red valve wheels and yellow pipework inside a compact powerhouse. — Turbina Turgo fi jeneraatorri isaa bakka humnaa miidhaman keessatti, Milford Sound, New Zealand. Akka tarree Pelton, kun ji'a bishaaniitiin kan socho'u dha. Photo: Glen Fergus, CC BY 3.0

Faktooriin qabiyyee kan ka’e ji’a. Ji’oonni akkanumatti fi gaditti dabree, fi skema tokkos akkanumatti fi gaditti bishaan ittisa bakkee keessatti akka galmee fi wantoota biroof akka ta’u gochuu qaba. Pooliisii reef-of-river kan hin caalle yoo ta’e, yeroo baay’ee kan itti fayyadamu akka bishaaniitti; Settle’s 50kW screw hojiirra oola fakkii qabxii 38% fi yeroo qullaa keessatti ofirraa ittisuudhaaf akka bishaan itti fufuu.

Dhimmi: theoretical fi practical

Fiziksii. Enerjii kun kan guddaa ta’e yoo ta’e, yeroon dabalataa dabalataa. Jireenya ga’eenya 10 liitiira sekondii tokkotti dabree 5 m yoo ta’u, kan 0.3 kW argattu, kan nurraa fi friiziidhaaf barbaachisa malee manaa hin buufne. Fakkeenyaaf, vaalbii bishaanii kan dursaa kilowattoota kuma hedduuf gargaara. Kana jechuun si’awwan baay’ee ciminaan: kilowattoota, osoo hin ta’in megawattoota.

Dhiqqaata. 20 kW skeemiin akka 500 kW skeemiin barbaachisu, barnoota naannoo, hayyama, eegumsa ittisa kalluu, konnektii griizii fi hojii seeraan alaa akka qabu. Akkasumas, kan baay’ee cimina qabu yoo ta’e, yeroon isaa guddaan kan baay’ee cimana ta’uu qaba.

Environment. Waayiriiwwan miidhaa kalluu, fi turbiiwwan kalluu dhibuu ni dandeessan. Akkasumas, kan itti fayyadaman naannoo Settle akka jedhanitti, saloonni kan gadi bu’u yoo ta’e, fuula fi fuula dabalataa irraan gahu.Settle Hydro). Biyyoonni hedduunis eegumsa naannoo guutuu hin barbaadne sheyxaanaawwan ciccimaa, kan akka meeshaalee bishaanii ciccimaa (Small hydro). Hojii gaariin bishaan itti ba’uu lafaa keessatti fidu, kalluu bakka lamaanitti geessu, fi kan ilaalamu.

A stepped concrete fish pass running up beside a tall weir, with water pouring over the weir. — Kaanyoo galmee konkolaataa kan itti fufe gara waldaa bishaanii olaanaa, akkasumas, bishaaniifi bishaanii kan waldaa bishaanii irratti dabalatu. Photo: Bob1960evens, CC BY-SA 4.0

Amanummaa bishaanii. Turbiinoota inni keessaan bishaan itti fayyadamu namatti bu’a. Akkasumas, akka walqabatee bishaaniin itti fayyadamuuf ni mirkanaa’u, hin barbaachisu osoo hin tahin lafaa fi waan miidhaa qabu akka seenan, akkasumas akka hin bu’inneef ni fayyada.

A small stone turbine house beside a snowy river weir in a Yorkshire town. — Hydro Settle on the River Ribble: a 50 kW screw on a old mill weir, owned by the community since 2009. Photo: RHaworth, CC BY-SA 2.0

Fuula

Porotiiwwan	Akka	Saala fi Ulaagaa	Maal itti fufe
Settle Hydro	Jireenya Ribble, Yoorkshiiri Kibbaa, Ingliilandii	Archimedes screw irratti waldaa, 50 kW	Jijjiirama eegalee bara 2009; waggaatti 165 MWh (38% fakkii dandeettii); £410,000 kan kaffalame ga’umsa hawaasaa; operatoroonni akka jedhanitti salmoonni gadii fi dawaa sammuu hin jiru (Settle Hydro)
Torrs Hydro	Jireenya Goyt, New Mills, Ingliilaand	Archimedes screw, 2.4 m diameter, harki 63 kW	The UK’s first community-owned hydro scheme, handed over in September 2008; £100,000 raised from 200 community members (Torrs Hydro)
LucidPipe, Mana Deebii Biyaa Portland	Portland, Oregon, Ameerikaa	Turbiiwwan In-line keessaa inni guddaan bishaanii-ga’ee-ga’ee	Akkasumas, kan bara 2015tti akka itti fayyadamu qophaa’e (Oregon Department of Energy; Lucid Energy news, archived 2015). Akkasumas, akkasumaas, akka 2022tti akka itti fayyadamu qophaa’e. (archived page)
Distriiktii Irrigarsii Birrii Kibbaa	Madras, Oregon, USA	Konduuyliiwwan iyyoo-hidroo fi kanaalaa ittisa bishaanii (Natel Energy)	Akkasumas, kan itti gaafatamaa waajjira poolisii naannoo Oromiyaa ta’e Obboo Daawud Ibsaa (Ministeera Enerjii Oromiyaa)
Addunyaa	Ameerikaa	Piipoonni fi kanaaloonni	236 hojiin konduubii kan hin agarsiifne ta’e kan akka 2013 (Conduit hydroelectricity)
Hydro kan ciinaa	Magaalaa Siinaay	45,000 fiigichawwan	160 TWh waggaatti bara 2010, kan baay’ee isaas magaalaalee humnaa qabanii fi grid hin qabnee (Hydro ciminii)

Barnoota kana irraa baratamuu danda’a. Akkasumas, bakka kan itti fufuu fi kan ijaaruu jirutti, manneen hidheeraa baay’ee ciminaan hojiirra oola: manneen miiliijii bara revolusii sənaayyii irraan gara elektreetiitti deebi’anii. Akkasumas, yeroo arsaa hin barbaachisu, outputtiin ni xiqqaata akka turbii hin jaallatin. Hidro-in-pipe kan inni guddaan warri yaadaa fi miira qabaniifi kan maxxanfames hedduudha; fiisikisiin ni gaariidha, garuu bakka gaariin ni adda ta’u fi suuqiin ni ciccimaa.

Archimedes's screws two big side by side at a river weir, with white water running out below them and a timber turbine house behind. — Archimedes's screws twine at a weir on the River Conon in the Scottish Highlands. Screws dafee fi ittisa kalluu irratti walqabate akka turbii jabaa. Photo: Julian Paren, CC BY-SA 2.0

Maal ittin hin bu’u

Fuulaa	Maal akka ta’e	Qindaa’ina
Miiro hidro, kan itti fayyadamu	$1,000 to $5,000 per kW (Micro hydro)
Kalkuluu keenya kan akka gama	40-60% fakkii dandeettii, 20 baraa 7% dhabamuu, eegumsa 3% of investment per year (the Fan Wall method)	$0.02 to $0.18 per kWh
Settle Hydro, kalkaalii keenya	£410,000 165 MWh sa’aa, 20-40 waggaa 7% dhabamuu, 3% eegumsa	0.26 fi 0.31 £ gidduutti kWh tokko keessatti
Irrati keenya	Sa’aa saffisaan kan ijaarsa, Fan Wall model; Lazard 2026 solar kominikeeshinii fi hawaasaa	$0.19 per kWh; $0.09 to $0.20
Lazard (Jijjiirama 2026)	Jireenya sammuu / ji’a onshore	$0.04 to $0.10 / $0.04 to $0.10 per kWh

Akkasumas, kan itti fufuu danda’u waan ta’eef. Akkasumas, meeshaan gaariin kan wal-qabatee fi itti fayyadama jiru, elektrikumman akka hin qabneefi yeroo dheeraaf akka hin barbaachisu gochuun danda’ama. Sxeema hawaasaa kan hin caalle fi itti gaafatamummaa itti gaafatamaa kan qabu, akka Settle’tti, kan walfakkaatu yoo ta’e, kan kWh tokko keessatti baay’ee qaxxaamuruudha; Sxeemoota kanas yeroon isaanii dheeratu, irreewwan naannoo, bakki guyyaa fi ji’a bara baraa, fi tarsiimoo gargaarsa. Akkasumas, yeroon wal-qabatee, kan wal-qabatee yoo ta’e, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee, wal-qabatee. yoo jettu, itti fufuun isaa kan hin barbaachisu; yoo hin taane, itti fufuu hin jiru.

A Archimedes screw in a stone channel near a small waterfall, below a stone building among trees. — Screwi Archimedes kan Bainbridge hydro scheme of Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, on a river that once drove a mill. Photo: Anthony Harrison, CC BY-SA 2.0

Akkamitti kan injifatu, fi akkamitti hin dandeenye

Inni ni injifata:

Waayirii fi bakka miila jiru, iddoo hojiin civiilii waggaa tokko ykn lama dura itti kenname.
Waan fayyadama kan qabu manneen ji’oota, bu’aa-qabeessa fi walqixxummaa-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-barreeffama-
Kanaaloota ittisa bishaanii, fi hojiin ittisaa bishaanii.
Wiixata dachii kan hin-ga’iin, bakka minigriidiin miira-hidroo fiigicha guyyaa fi galaa itti kennuu danda’u.
Qabeenya guyyaa fi ji’a bakka paneelaan saalaa hin qabneetti.

Inni hin galchu:

In flat country with small streams: without head or flow there is no power.
Inni daandiin akkasitti, bakka turbiineen enerjii mitara tokko irraa gara mitara biraatti socho’u.
Waan waldaa haaraan kalluu ittisa yoo ta’e, yoo hin tahin maluun ni reebama fi ni mul’ata.
Fii pico skaala irratti griizii, bakka bu’aan itti fufuu enjiirii daddabarsuu.

Kanaalni konkolaataa ciccimaa kan ittii fuudhe bakka lafaa lixaa, dachii fi fuula duraa gara baasiitiitti. — Kanaalni kun bishaan akka dhuunfatu taasise. Akkasumas, bakka kana keessatti, skema tokkollee kan magaalaa tokkotti guyyaa fi har'a nurraa bu'u. Photo: Nirmaljoshi, CC BY-SA 4.0

Maal ta’e, kan mul’atu fi kan hin mul’anne

Muutamne: equation of hydropower; efficiencys of turbine; that small hydro schemes run for decades with running costs low; that Archimedes screws and conventional turbines work on old weirs; that community ownership can finance small schemes; that conduit projects operate in water and irrigation systems.

Plausible: akka meeshaalee bishaanii baay’een humnaan ol ta’e qabu bakka waldaa fi bakkeewwan ittisa bishaanii keessatti kilowaatiin fayyadamaa akka jiran; akka poolisii standartii akka turbiinii hojjechaa jiraniif galii kaa’umsa galmee keessaa ni cicciti; akka diizaayinni baruu-qabsoo haaraan miidhaa bakka hin jirretti ni cicciti.

Speculative: in-pipe turbines in ordinary distribution pipes without surplus pressure (the energy must come from somewhere); contributions national large from micro hydro in countries with little head; very cheap “plug-in” river turbines without the usual civil works and permits.

Suuraa tarreeffamaa

Mapping surplus pressure. Ijoollee maallaqaa maaltu bishaanii waldaawwan keessatti du’aa jiru, bakka tokko irraa gara bakkaatti, fi maaltu itti fufuu danda’a guyyaa fi waggaatti?
Ijaarsa Turbiiwwan miidhaa fooyya’insa waldaa itti fayyadama akka waldaa isaaniitti ilaalan, har’as yoo barbaaddan.
Qabsoo. Dhimmii fi saayinsii turbii maaliif itti fayyadama?
Kosto. Shēmawwan garagaraa kan walfakkaatan kan hojii ciiviilii kan hin barbaachisu, fi yakkawwan salphaaf akka ta’e kan danda’an.
Kuuttuu fi humna. Jireenyaa fi manneen bishaanii kan ta’anis kan ta’anis kan ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’anis ta’an

Pompii buluu motoorri elektirikii buluu irratti kan argamu, kan walqabatee fi daandiin bishaanii ciminaan. — Pompii dhaantaa akka turbiitti kan hojjetame, kan bara 2019 keessatti kan dhiyaate ta'e, akka humnaa ittisaa galmee bishaanii magaalaa Iirlandiitti. Photo: Dwr-uisce, CC BY-SA 4.0

Maal prototaapni hojiirra oolchu barbaachisa

Hidroogiraafiin kan hin jirre yoo ta’e, waan ta’eef, yeroo tokko tokko, akkasitti, bishaanii fi miiraan wal-qabatee, kan itti fayyadamu ta’uu danda’a. Akkasumas, kan armaan gadii yoo ta’e,

Daandiin	Hojii	Maal agarsiisa	Fakkeenyaaf	Waggaa
1. Riigii Bench	Poolimii loopiifi tankiin ittisa kan qabu wal-qabatee (mitir) fi preessii (gaugee duraa fi boodaa), turbii bankii laazii akka socho’u gochuun mitir of-barreeffamaa	Fakkeenyaaf,	$5k to $30k	1 to 3 months
2. Saayinsii saayinsii	1-20kW unit on a stream, farm pipe or a utility’s valve bypass, with water quality safeguards where needed, logging for a season	Output dhabdii kan wal-ga’ii, bu’aa, fi ittisa adda addaa	$20k to $150k	6–12 months
3. Utility ykn hawaasa pilot	Fakkeenyaaf, kan itti fayyadamu ta’e, kan itti fayyadamu ta’e, fi kan itti fayyadamu ta’e	Enerjii, ulfaataa fi bu’aa waggaalee bankii	$100k to $1 miliyoon	1–2 years

Tapha 1 kan isa gahee mana barumsaa ykn bakka wal-fakkaatu. Kana malees, kan ta’e wanti tokkollee akka hin taane kan agarsiisu: turbii, fooyya’insa itti fufiinsaan, bu’aa itti fufiinsaan fi miira elektirikii itti fayyadama.

Kan nu barbaachisa

Hydraulic fi injiiniersa hydropower akka sitee fi turbii filannoo.
Engineers of water utilities kan beekaniifi bakka preessii dabalataa fi netwerkii akka hojjechaa jiru.
Biyoloogoota ittisa bakkoota akka diijiinii fi eegumsa ittisaa ittisa bakkootaa.
Engineers electric for small generators, grid connection and islanded minigrids.
Engineers civil akka intaasii, weerys fi screens.
Gruuppii enjii hawaasaa fi qabeenyaa lafaa kan wal-qabatee, miila leetaa ykn faayidaa faayidaa.
Drinking-water certification specialists for anything inside a potable main.

A curved stone weir across a river in a wooded gorge, with a small turbine house beside it. — Torrs Hydro at Torr Mill Weir on the River Goyt, New Mills: the UK's first community-owned hydro scheme, handed over in 2008. Photo: Adrian Taylor, CC BY-SA 2.0

Deebi’uu barbaadde?

Akkasumas, kan biroon akka hin taanetti, kan biraas akka ta’e ni yaadatama. Akka ta’uuf, yaada tokko qabeenya, jireenya dhabdummaa keessatti hojiirra oolchuu, yeroo ammaa humnaa uumuu qaba, akkasumas guutummaatti kan itti fayyadamu akka ta’e, hin beekkamne: turbii tokko irratti miitara fooyya’insaa, miitara preessii fi miitara humnaa qorannoo qabu kan walfakkaatu yookaanis kan walfakkaatu. Akkasumas, yaada kitaabaaf ni barbaachisu: yoo fisiikaa fi lakkoofsotni cimina qaban, nutu isaan bakka kana irratti maxxansuu dandeenya. Ammas, sarbamni saayinsii fi teknooloojii kan hin hojjenne yoo ta’e, hojiin kun baay’ee rakkisaa dha.

Deebii keessan akka ga’u gochuun form of contribution, fuula Green Initiatives filadhu. Nuti nutti hime walqixxummaa fi fuula isaa, faayidaa itti fayyadamaa keeti ykn yoo barbaadde, kan kWh tokko tokkoo fi qorannoo hin-qabne kan isa fooyyessuu. Akka Fuula ENERJII walqabatee hidraawwan cimaan waliin waan biroo tokko tokkoon.

Fuulaa

Hydroelectricity, Wikipedia: qooda elektirikii addunyaa fi faayidaa turbii.
Hydro Small, Wikipedia, kan hundaa’e akka UNIDO’s World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022.
Mikro hidro, Wikipedia: sajoowwan, faayidaa fi karoora itti fayyadamaa.
Conduit hydroelectricity, Wikipedia.
Akkasumas, kan 2013tti, Wikipedia; text at Congress.gov.
Settle Hydro fi Torrs Hydro, Wikipedia.
Oregon Department of Energy. Hydropower in Oregon, akkasii keessaatti hojiin konduubii Portland fi North Unit Irrigation District.
Lucid Energy. Target projects (archived 2021) fi lucidenergy.com (archived 2022).
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity, Wikipedia: seasonality and environmental effects.
Ofgem (2023). Valuutiin fayyadama biyyaalessaa: 2,700 kWh elektirikii waggaatti akka fayyadamaan tokko.
Lazard (Juun 2026). Levelized Cost of Energy+, versii 19.
Local Solar System Foundation. The Fan Wall: open model and benchmark, solar rooftop at $0.19 per kWh.
Turbinai bishaanii, Wikipedia: gama caalmaa kan akka mataa turbinaa tokko tokkoo, ka’ee ji’oota bishaanii (0.2 fi 4 m) hanga ji’oota Pelton (80 fi 1,600 m).