Ilanga elidadayo kwi-reservoirs
Umhlaba sele ugqitha kumakhilomitha angama-400,000 ajikeleze imida. Ukudada kwelanga kubuza imibuzo elula: kutheni sishiya amanzi onke akhanyayo ngelanga angasebenzi?
Dietmar Rabich (CC BY-SA 4.0)
I-reservoir yindawo enkulu, ethe tyaba, evulekileyo, enelanga, ihlala idityaniswe neendlela, negridi kunye, kwidam yezixhobo zesichumiso segesi, umgca wesixhobo. Inkqubo yokudada kwelanga (FPV) ibeka iipaneli zelanga eziqhelekileyo kwiplastikhi ehambayo ebekwe ezantsi okanye kumazantsi. Ikhule ukusuka kwiqela elincinci leemoto eziqhuba nge-kilowatt phakathi konyaka we2007 nowe2013 ukuya kumawaka eemoto eziqhuba nge-megawatt.
Isishwankathelo esicacileyo: **imisebenzi yelanga ejikelezayo, ithengisa kwaye ibiza kuphela ngaphezu kwelanga elunxwemeni; iphumelela apho ulwandle luncinci okanye lubalulekileyo kwaye apho indawo yokugcinwa kunye noqhagamshelwano lwegridi sele zikhona. Iinzuzo ezithethwayo, iipaneli ezipholileyo kunye namaxesha okugcina amanzi, ziyinyani kodwa zincinci kwaye azilingani kakuhle njengezikhombisi zibonisa, kwaye izivunguvungu nezolimo ziingozi ezivulekileyo. **
Yintoni
Inkqubo yelanga ejikelezayo inezinto ezine: iipaneli kunye nee-invertor (ezifana nezo phantsi komhlaba), Iinketho ze projekti (izinto eziqhelekileyo eziphezulu zoxinzelelo lwepolyethylene ezigcina iipaneli kwinqanaba eliphantsi lokujika), iindlela zokuhamba ulondolozo, ii-ankile: iintsontelo, amakhonkco nee-ankile okanye izibophelelo zesikwere ezigcina isiqithi kwindawo xa amanani emanzi enyuka kwaye ehla kwaye umoya utyhila kuyo. Iinqanawa ezibophelelayo zihamba ngaphaya kweziqhoboshi ukuya kwisixhobo sokuguqula i-inverter kwibanki okanye kwiplagi ejikelezayo.
Iimithi ezininzi zihlala kumaza ayenziweyo: amandla elanga kunye namaza okugcina amanzi okusela, amaza okusela, iintaba-mlilo eziqhutywa ngamanzi kunye neendawo zokuthambisa, iziqithi zezinto eziphilayo. Ii-solar ezijikelezayo elwandle kunye nezolwandle zitsha, zinzima kakhulu. The World Bank’s market report counted more than 400,000 km² of man-made reservoirs worldwide.
Indlela esebenza ngayo
Iibhodi ezifanayo, ukukhanya kwelanga okufanayo. Ibhodi ejikelezayo ivelisa umbane ngokuchanekileyo njengoko yenza kwindlu yangasese okanye kwisiqithi: amandla amalunga ne-P = η × A × G, ukusebenza kakuhle amaxesha amaxesha indawo amaxesha amaxesha ukukhanya kwelanga. Okutshintshayo kukukujikeleza.
Ukufudumeza. Iipaneli zilahlekelwa malunga ne-0.4% yemveliso yabo ngamanani aphezulu 25 °C (bona PV-thermal kwifizikhi). Ubushushu bepaneli bumiselwe ngumlinganiselo: ukukhanya kwelanga kufudumeza kwaye umoya kunye nokukhanya okujikelezayo kupholile. Abanjiniyela babhala oku njenge T_module = T_air + G / U, apho U yi-coefficient yolahleko lobushushu kwi-watts ngemitha yesikwere nganye ngekelvin. Ngaphaya kwamanzi umoya upholile kwaye ushushu, kwaye kwizinto ezivulekileyo umva wepaneli ubona phezulu kwamanzi. Iimvavanyo zendawo zafumanisa ukuba iindidi ezilungileyo zokudada zinyuka U ukuya kuthi ga kwi-22 W/m²K xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yokubonisa, zenza iipaneli zibe 3.2 °C zipholile eNetherlands kwaye zibe 14.5 °C zipholile (uthelekiso nenkqubo yerooftop) eSingapore, kwaye zanika ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3% kunye ne-6% ngaphezulu kweegesi ngonyaka (Dörenkämper et al., 2021). Iimodeli apho iziqhoboshi zigubungela amanzi phantsi kweepaneli zifumana kakhulu ngaphantsi.
Ukwahlula amanzi. Iipaneli zifihla amanzi kwaye zikhawuleze umoya phezu kwayo, ngoko ke kuncinci okuwahlula. Kwiindawo ezishushu, ezimanzi ezigcina amanzi oku kungenxa yokuba zininzi njengeebhetri: uJin kunye nabahlobo bakhe baqikelela ukuba i-106 km³ ngonyaka igcinwa kwimeko yabo ye-30% eyenziwe ngokwezifiso kunokuba ilinganiswe.
Amandla kwihektare nganye. Ii-array ezidadayo zihlala zihlala kwinqanaba eliphantsi lokujika kwaye zipakishwe ngokusondeleyo, ngoko ke ihektare enye yamanzi igcina ubukhulu obufanayo nehektare enye yelizwe, malunga ne-1 MW, kwaye ivelisa amandla afana. Cirata in Indonesia fits 192 MWp on about 200 hectares (Jakarta Post, 2023).
I-hybrid eneebhetri zelanga. Kwisiqulathi segesi, ilanga lingasebenzisa unxibelelwano olufanayo lwegridi kwaye livumele umdam ukuba agcine amanzi kwiintsuku ezikhanyayo ukuze aphume ngemini: isiqulathi sihlala siyibhetri yenkqubo yelanga.
Iinjongo
I-theoretical. Ukudada akutshintshanga ukukhanya kwelanga: ibhodi eshushu eshushu yenza, kwimeko elungileyo, iipesenti ezimbalwa ngaphezulu kunebhodi efanayo eselunxwemeni. Iindawo ezinokwenzeka kwihlabathi liphela zikhulu kodwa zimiselwe ukuba zingaphi iziqulatho zesiqulatho ngasinye ezinokugqunywa ngaphandle kokuyilahla. Uvavanyo lukaJin nokunye lubeka umda kwindawo yokugcina amanzi nganye kwi-30% kunye ne-30 km².
Isebenza.
- Umoya, amaza kunye namanqanaba amanzi. Iindawo zokubopha kufuneka zibambe isiqithi sepaneli esiya kwiintaka ezishushu kunye namanqanaba amanzi angajikeleza ngamawaka eemitha. Ngo-Epreli 2024, umonakalo omkhulu wemvula enezivunguvungu ezimalunga ne-50 km/h ubangela ukuba inkqubo entsha ye-88 MW Indawadi egqityiweyo ibe yinxalenye ye-Omkareshwar floating solar park e-India (Times of India, 2024).
- Ixabiso. Ii-floats, ii-ankile kunye ne-marine-grade connections zibiza kakhulu kuneeframes zehlabathi; i-US benchmark premium yi-25% (Ramasamy noMargolis, ngo-2021).
- Ulondolozo. Zonke izinto zifikeleleka ngesikhephe okanye ngendlela yokuhamba; izityalo eziphilayo, i-algae kunye ne-biofouling kufuneka zicocwe; ukhuseleko lwezixhobo zesithuthi ezingenayo amandla kufutshane namanzi kufuneka lukhathalelwe.
- Indalo. Ukugubungela amanzi kunyusa ukukhanya nomoya oxubana. Uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lwafumanisa ukuba kukho iziphumo ezinokwenzeka kwiqondo lobushushu lwamanzi, ioksijini, amathambo kunye neentlanzi; ababandakanyeka bamisela ukufudumeza okunciphayo njengethuba elikhulu kwaye utshintsho kwikhemikhali yamanzi, kubandakanya nokususwa kweoksijini, njengobungozi obukhulu. 15% kuphela kwabaqhubi abavavanywe babevavanye umgangatho wamanziExley et al., 2021).
- Olunye usetyenziso. Izixhobo zamanzi okusela, abaqhubi besikhephe, abaqokeleli intlanzi kunye nendawo ekhuselekileyo yobume bomhlaba zonke zithetha ngaphaya komgangatho.
Iiprojekthi ezibonakalayo,
| Iprojekti | Yintoni | Izinto ezilindelweyo | Icebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iindawo zovavanyo lwe-PV ezidadayo eNetherlands naseSingapore | Iimodeli ezininzi ezidadayo phantsi komhlaba kunye nenkqubo yokubonisa isakhiwo, ngeqondo lobushushu kunye neesenzo zokukhanya | Iinkqubo ezihambayo ezilungileyo 3.2 °C (iNetherlands) kunye ne-14.5 °C (iSingapore) zipholile, ziyilelwe ngokukhanya kwelanga; uxinzelelo lokulahleka kobushushu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-22 W/m²K ngaphezulu; ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3% kunye ne-6% yokufumana okuninzi | Dörenkämper et al., 2021 |
| I-Tengeh reservoir, eSingapore (2021) | 60 MWp kwi-reservoir yamanzi okutshaya elawulwa yi-National Water Agency | Ivuliwe ngoJulayi 2021 njengenye yezona zikhulu zezixhobo ezidadayo ngaphakathi kwelizwe ngexesha | Straits Times, 2021 |
| Cirata, eNtshona yeJava, eIndonesia (2023) | 192 MWp, malunga neepaneli ezingama-340,000, kwi-hydropower reservoir | Ilindeleke ukuba ibonelele ngamakhaya angama-50,000; ixabiso elifunyenwe limalunga ne-$100 yezigidi (imveliso elindelekileyo, ayisasebenzi | I-Jakarta Post, 2023 |
| Omkareshwar, Madhya Pradesh, India (2024) | Iinkqubo ezininzi ezikwindawo yokuphuma kwamanzi edam, kubandakanya ne-88 MW kwi-Indawadi | A storm in April 2024 caused “major loss” to panels a week after the Indawadi plant began operating | I-Times of India, 2024 |
| Intengiso yehlabathi | 1.1 GW phakathi konyaka ka-2018 ukuya kuma-13 GW ngo-2022, | Iiprojekthi | Ibhanki yehlabathi, 2018; Bloomberg, 2023 |
NjengeNgxelo yeBhanki Yehlabathi ibeka, izibonelelo zokusebenza “ziye zaqinisekiswa ziinkqubo ezinkulu, ezijikeleza iindawo ezininzi zelizwe, kunye nexesha”. Abaqhubi abakhulu bambalwa abapapasha umgangatho wamanzi okanye umonakalo wemvula, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwisaziso.
Ixabiso
| Iinketho | Ixabiso | Unyaka nomthombo |
|---|---|---|
| I-PV ejikelezayo, 10 MW, i-United States | $1.29 per W installed against $1.03 elwandle; iindleko zesithuthi ezimalunga ne-$0.057 per kWh against $0.047 elwandle (ngaphandle kweekhomishini) | 2021, NREL, Ramasamy noMargolis |
| I-PV ejikelezayo, i-50 MW | 5.6 US cents nge-kWh xa kuthelekiswa ne-5.0 kwilizwe ngomgangatho we-7% wokunciphisa; iindleko zemali $0.8 to $1.2 ngeW ngo-2018 | 2018, Ibhanki yeHlabathi, SERIS |
| Ilanga elinamandla amakhulu ehlabathini, iUnited States | $0.04 to $0.10 nge-kWh | ngoJuni 2026, Lazard LCOE+ uguqulelo lwe-19 |
| Inqaku elifanelekileyo: uphahla lwelanga ecaleni kwesakhiwo | imalunga ne-$0.19 nge-kWh, | Imodeli ye-Fan Wall |
| Urhwebo kunye nosapho lwelanga olubekwe phezulu kweetafile, iUnited States | $0.09 to $0.20 nge-kWh | ngoJuni 2026, Lazard |
Into ethethwa yitheyibhile: ixabiso lelanga elidadayo limalunga ne-10 ukuya kwi-20% ngaphezulu nge-kWh kunelanga elunxwemeni, kwaye lincinci kakhulu kunelanga elunxwemeni oluqhelekileyo. Xa ilizwe libiza kakhulu, likhuselekile okanye alikho phantsi kwegridi, ipremiyamu incinane. Uvavanyo lweNREL lwafumanisa ukuba iindleko ziyingozi kakhulu kwixabiso lezinto ezihambayo, umthwalo womoya nekhephu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemodyuli.
apho ingaphumelela khona, nalapho ingaphumelelanga
Inokufumana:
- Iilizwe ezixhotyiswe kakuhle neziqithi apho umhlaba uphantsi: iSingapore, iJapan, iKorea yaseMzantsi, iNetherlands, uninzi lweMntla neNtshona Yurophu.
- Iziqulathi ze-hydropower, apho uqhagamshelwano lwegridi lukhona kwaye amanzi angagcinwa emva ngelixa ilanga likhanya.
- Iindawo zokutywina eziqhutywa ngamanzi, ii-pits zobunjineli kunye nee-ponds zeshishini ezingasebenzisi lutho.
- Iindawo ezishushu nezimanzi apho amanzi alahlekile ekufudukeni kubiza kakhulu kwaye ukufudumeza okunokufumana inzuzo enkulu.
- Izixhobo zamanzi ezikwaziyo ukuqhuba upompoza kwazo kunye nonyango oluvela kwizityalo zabo zesiqulathi.
Akukho nto iphumelelayo:
- Indawo apho umhlaba ubiza kakhulu kwaye uninzi. Ifama yelanga ecaleni kwelizwe elimanzi liya kuba libiza ngaphantsi kwaye lilula.
- Kwiilwandle ezinomtsalane wokuphila kwenyama okanye ezisetyenziswayo, ngaphandle kokuba isizathu sokhuseleko lwendalo sitsho ukuba ukugubungela okuncinci akubikho monakalo.
- Kumanzi avulekileyo, ashushu ngaphandle kweendawo ezibiza kakhulu zokubopha inqanawa, kwaye kulwandle ngaphandle kokuhamba phambili kwitekhnoloji.
- Isisu esitsha esikhulu samaza. Ukonga okuveliswa ngumphunga kuyinyani kodwa kumiselwe; zinceda, kodwa azikhokelela kumlambo omtsha.
Izinto eziqinisekisiweyo, ezinokwenzekayo
Iqinisekisiwe: ukuba izityalo ezidadayo zezigidi zee-megawatts zingakhiwa kwaye zisebenze; ukuba zibiza kakhulu kunelanga elunxwemeni; ukuba ukufudumeza amanzi kongeza iipesenti ezimbalwa zokufumana kwizicwangciso ezivulekileyo; ukuba umonakalo wemvula ungabangela ukulimala kwezityalo eziqhotyoshelwe kakubi.
Ingalindelekanga: ukuba ukugubungela inxalenye ephakathi yeziqulatho zesiqulatho singakhupha ukuphuma kwegesi ngokugqithisileyo, njengoko kubonisiwe; ukuba ukusebenza okudityanisiweyo kwelanga nesomoya sidibanisa ixabiso ngokusetyenziswa kwesiqulatho sesiqulatho njengendawo yokugcina; ukuba ukufihla kunganciphisa iziqhamo ezibi ze-algal kwizinye iziqulatho zesiqulatho.
I-Speculative: ukuba ifuthe elikhoyo kwihlabathi liphela kumawaka eeyure ze-terawatt lisebenza xa ukhuseleko lwendalo, ukusebenzisa amanzi kunye neengxowa-mali zibalolwe; ubume obude (iminyaka engama-25) bezinto ezidadayo nezibophelelo kwilanga namanzi; ukuba amandla ombane aphumayo elwandle angaba phantsi kwexabiso.
Imibuzo yophando oluvulekileyo
- Yintoni eyenza ukugubungela kwe-10, 30 okanye i-50% kwioksijini, ubushushu bomhlaba, izityalo eziphilayo kunye neentlanzi kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo zelali, ezilinganiswa ngeminyaka?
- Ingaba kugcinwa ntoni ukuphuma kwamanzi ngokugqithiseleyo, kuthelekiswa ne-water balances kunokuba zimodeli?
- Ii-floats zihlala ixesha elingakanani kwilanga elikhanyayo, kwaye zingakhupha njani iiplastikhi ezincinci okanye iimveliso zekhemikhali kumayeza okutya?
- Yintoni imodeli yokumisa ephila kwimvula enkulu kunye nokujikeleza okukhulu komphakamo wamanzi ngexabiso elifanelekileyo?
- Ngaba kungcono ukuqhuba amandla elanga kunye ne-hydropower ngaxeshanye ukuze zombini zifumane inzuzo?
Izinto ezifunekayo
Kwimbono entsha yokudada (ukuhamba ngcono, ukubopha, indlela yokushisa okanye uyilo lwendalo), imodeli esebenza kakuhle yindawo encinci yamanzi acacileyo, eqikelelwa kufutshane nendawo ebekwe kuyo.
| Inkqubo | Umsebenzi | Iinkqubo | Ixabiso elipheleleyo | Ixesha |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0. Uvavanyo loyilo | Imithwalo evela kumoya, kumaza kunye nomphakamo wamanzi, ukudada nokubopha uyilo, imodeli elula yobushushu | Uyilo luhlala luphila kwiintaba-mlilo zendawo kwiphepha | $10k to $30k | 2 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3 |
| 1. Uvavanyo lwesikhephe | 5 ukuya kwi-20 kW kwipondi okanye kwisiqulathi segesi ecaleni kwendawo yomhlaba ofanayo, iqondo lobushushu lemodyuli, ukuphuma, umoya kunye nedatha yamanzi, ngonyaka omnye | Ukufumana ukukhula okulinganiselweyo, iqondo lobushushu, ukugqoka kuqala | $40k to $120k | 12 Iinyanga |
| 2. Ukhuseleko lwendalo kunye nobude | Ukuqwalaselwa kweesampuli zomgangatho wamanzi phantsi nangaphandle kwebhanti, ukuxhathisa nokuxhathisa umthwalo ngexesha lexesha lomlilo | Iingxaki zokhuseleko | $50k to $150k | 1 ukuya kwi-2 (i-overlapping) |
| 3. Inkqubo yovavanyo | 0.5 ukuya kwi-2 MW ngowomthetho wendawo yokugcina amanzi, izivumelwano, | Uyilo olunokusetyenziswa | ixhomekeke kubungakanani | 1 ukuya kwi-2 |
Phases 0 to 2 cost roughly $100,000 to $300,000. Ezi ziyimilinganiselo yethu, azikho izibalo.
abafuna
- Umzobi wenqwelo-moya okanye umyili ongaphandle kwelwandle kwiinqanawa ezihamba phantsi, iziqhoboshi kunye nemithwalo yemvula.
- Injiniya yenkqubo yePV yoyilo lweemoto kunye nokhuseleko kufutshane namanzi.
- Umbhali weLimnology (umbhali wendalo yamanzi acocekileyo) ukuyila umgangatho wamanzi nokujongana nendalo.
- Umqokeleli wedatha ye-hydrology ukulinganisa ukuphuma kwamanzi kunye nokulingana kwamanzi.
- Umnini wendawo yokugcinwa amanzi okanye isixhobo sokusetyenziswa kwamanzi onqwenela ukulungiselela isikhephe sokuvavanya.
- Isigqirha sepolymer ukuvavanya ubudala be-float kunye nokuhlambela.
Unayo imbono engcono?
Mhlawumbi unayo i-float ebiza kakhulu, ucingo oluhle kakhulu, uyilo olupholileyo lwepaneli ezingcono okanye enye ekhusela ubomi belwandle. Abathile abaxhasi be Local Solar System Foundation banokuba nabaqhagamshelana nabo abanokuva ilizwi elinamandla lombono wokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukubekwa, imbono kufuneka isebenze, imodeli yobomi bokwenyani eyenza amandla, elinganiselwe kwisixhobo, hayi eqinisekisiweyo. Iimbono zephepha zithandeka kakhulu: ukuba ifizikhi kunye namaxabiso aqinile, sinokuzipapasha apha kwiwebhusayithi. Ukunyusa ikapitali ngaphandle kwemodeli esebenza kakuhle kunzima kakhulu, kwaye asikwazi ukunikela ngemali, ukubuyiswa okanye ukunikezelwa.
Ukukhanya kwelanga okudadayo, uvavanyo oluhle kakhulu olubala njengemodeli esebenza kakuhle yi i-rafting encinci yepaneli kwipondi ecaleni kweseti efanayo kwindawo yomhlaba, zombini zilinganiselwe, ngeqondo lobushushu lemodyuli elishicilelwe phantsi ngonyaka omnye oshushu. Elibonisa ukuba ukufudumeza kuphumelela ngokuqinisekileyo kuyilo lwakho. Thumela nge ifomu yonikezelo, kwaye uyithelekise nezinye iimbono kwi imbono ye-radar. Amaphepha ahambelanayo: i-agrivoltaics inikezela ngendawo yokulima endaweni yamanzi, kwaye inkqubo encinci nekwipayi ye-hydro ithatha amandla kumanzi asasazekayo.
IiNkqubo
- Jin, Y., Hu, S., Ziegler, A.D. et al. (2023). Ukwenza amandla kunye nokukhusela amanzi ukusuka kwi-photovoltaics yelanga ejikelezayo kwii-reservoirs zehlabathi. Ubulungisa boMhlaba 6, 865-874.
- Dörenkämper, M., Wahed, A., Kumar, A. et al. (2021). Ukusebenza kobushushu be-PV ejikelezayo kwizona ndawo zimbini zemozulu: uthelekiso lwedatha yovavanyo lwendawo ukusuka eNetherlands naseSingapore. Umbane welanga 214, 239-247.
- Ramasamy, V. noMargolis, R. (2021). Ixabiso elifanelekileyo lenkqubo yefotovoltaic ejikelezayo: i-Q1 2021 yokufakelwa kumaqela olwandle olunobumba. NREL/TP-7A40-80695.
- Iqela leBhanki yehlabathi, iESMAP neSERIS (2018). Ilanga lidibana namanzi: ingxelo yentengiso yokukhanya kwelanga okudadayo, isishwankathelo somsebenzi.
- Exley, G., Hernandez, R.R., Page, T. et al. (2021). Uvavanyo olusekelwe kwiingxelo zobunzululwazi kunye neengxelo zabaxhasi: uphendulo lwenkqubo yendalo ephilayo kwi-photovoltaics yokukhanya kwelanga olwandle kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ekuqhubekekeni. IiNkcazo zeNkxaso-mali yeNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweNkqubo 152, 111639.
- Umntu (2025). INgxelo yeNkqubo yoMmandla we-Electricity 2025: amacebo aphantsi kwe-carbon angama-40.9% (12,609 TWh) e-electricity yehlabathi ngo-2024, okuthetha ukuba kumalunga ne-30,800 TWh.
- Chong, C. (2021). Ifama yokuqala enkulu yelanga ehambayo yaseSingapore ivuliwe kwiTengeh Reservoir. I-The Straits Times, ngomhla we-14 kuJulayi 2021.
- I-AFP (2023). UJokowi uvule ifama enkulu yelanga ejikelezayo eMzantsi-mpuma weAsia. I-The Jakarta Post, ngomhla we-9 kuNovemba 2023.
- Ixesha laseIndiya (2024). Isibhakabhaka sibangela ukulimala kwinkqubo yelanga ehambayo enkulu emhlabeni eMadhya Pradesh, nge-12 ka-Epreli 2024.
- Bloomberg (2023). Iipaneli zelanga ezidadayo ziguqula iindawo zakudala zoshishino zibe zizityalo zegolide eziluhlaza, ngomhla we-3 kuGunyana 2023.
- Lazard (Juni 2026). Ixabiso eliNciphisayo leNkqubo, uguqulelo 19.
- Local Solar System Isiseko (2020, imodeli ehlaziyiweyo ngo-2026). Imigangatho ye-fan wall: imodeli evulekileyo, umgangatho ophezulu welanga.
- UHarvey, F. (2016). Ifama yelanga ehambayo enkulu emhlabeni isebenza ngaphandle kweLondon. I-The Guardian, ngoFebruwari 29, 2016; imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwiWikipedia, Isiqulathi seNkcubeko sikaKumkani uElizabeth II.